含水量和乳酸菌添加剂对多花黑麦草青贮品质的影响

本试验旨在研究含水量和乳酸菌添加剂对多花黑麦草青贮品质的影响,探究优质多花黑麦草青贮饲料的调制方法。试验选用孕穗期的多花黑麦草为原料,原料含水量设85.23%(W₁),74.70%(W₂)和65.70%(W₃)3个水平,乳酸菌添加浓度设置对照组0 cfu/g鲜样(L₀),10⁵ cfu/g鲜样(L₁),10⁶ cfu/g鲜样(L₂),10⁷ cfu/g鲜样(L₃)4个水平。桶装青贮42 d后开盖,取样测定青贮饲料的青贮品质。结果表明,在高含水量(85.23%)的条件下,无论是否添加乳酸菌,丁酸的含量和氨态氮/总氮均未能达到优质青贮的条件,青贮失败;当含水量为74.70%时,添加乳酸菌组的青贮品质优于未添加组,且随着添加浓度的增加青贮品质更佳;在含水量为65.70%的条件下,无论是否添加乳酸菌添加剂,青贮饲料均能获得较好的青贮品质,但添加乳酸菌后效果更佳。因此,W₃L₃(含水量65.70%+10⁷ cfu/g鲜样)处理的青贮效果最佳。     

淮河流域冬小麦晚霜冻时空演变分析

为掌握气候持续变暖背景下淮河流域晚霜冻害的变化规律,基于1960-2016年61个气象站点的逐日地面0cm最低气温数据,计算霜冻频次、强度和变异系数,构建霜冻害危险指数,分析了淮河流域冬小麦生长季晚霜冻时空变化。结果表明:(1)57年中晚霜冻出现在3月11日至4月15日,整体呈提前趋势,速率达到-2.49d·年-1(P<0.05),晚霜冻的提前结束使冬小麦灌浆停滞和籽粒发芽力丧失的风险降低。(2)在冬小麦生长季延长的背景下,57年中轻度、中度、重度晚霜冻的频次都呈现减少趋势,变化倾向率分别为-9.14次·年-1(P<0.01)、-1.17次·年-1(P>0.05)、-5.81次·年-1(P<0.01)。年代变化上,重霜冻在灌浆至成熟阶段的频次在1980s上升趋势最显著,倾向率为6.73次·年-1(P<0.05)。1961-1990年中霜冻在拔节期的频次增加趋势最显著,倾向率为1.80次·年-1(P<0.05);1981-2010年重霜冻在拔节期的频次减少趋势最显著,倾向率为-3.46次·年-1(P<0.01)。(3)冬小麦晚霜冻在不同的生长阶段空间分异较大,呈不同分布模式。以开始拔节的日期为起点,高风险区和较高风险区在拔节后(1～5d)所占面积百分比最大,分别达到0.63%、80.68%。中风险区在抽穗至开花阶段(12～15d)面积百分比最大(81.68%),较低风险区在灌浆至成熟阶段(16～57d)占比最大(57.49%)。不同程度的晚霜冻频次在不同的时间段减少速率不同,在不同的生长阶段空间分布差异较大。     

1960-2015年淮河流域初终霜日时空变化分析

基于淮河流域1960-2015年61个气象站点地面0cm日最低气温资料,采用线性倾向估计、反距离加权、Mann-Kendall突变检验、滑动T检验方法,分析近56a淮河流域初霜日、终霜日和无霜期的时空变化特征及突变年份。结果显示：（1）研究期内,淮河流域平均初霜日期 、终霜日期和无霜期分别以2.15、2.49、4.38d·10a-1的速率呈推迟、提前、延长的趋势（P＜0.01）,其中,在20世纪90年代的变化最为显著（P＜0.01）,速率分别为16.38、5.34、20.6d·10a-1。（2）平均初霜日期在空间上呈北早、南迟,山区早、平原迟的分布;86.9%的站点初霜日期呈显著推迟趋势（P＜0.05）。终霜日期呈西南早、东北迟,平原早、山区迟的分布;83.6%的站点通过0.05水平的显著性检验,以3.44～5.92d·10a-1的速率呈提早趋势。无霜期随纬度和海拔升高而缩短;93.4%的站点通过0.05水平的显著性检验,变化率为3.56～7.59d·10a-1,无霜期整体延长。（3）11月8日线、4月1日线、220d等值线位置较其它各气候基准期和各年代分别偏北约1个和2个纬距,在32°N和34°N附近的偏北趋势最为明显,佐证了该区初霜日期整体推迟、终霜日期整体提前、无霜期整体延长的趋势。（4）初霜日期、终霜日期和无霜期分别在2002年、1995年和1998年发生突变。     

The effect of spot blotch and heat stress on variation of canopy temperature depression,chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content of hexaploid wheat genotypes

Spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito and Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur, and heat stress are two important stresses of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) causing substantial yield reduction in the warm areas of South Asia. These two stresses put pressure on at least 25 million hectares of wheat areas worldwide. This study was conducted to examine variation in physiological traits and its association with heat and spot blotch. Eleven diverse bread wheat genotypes were evaluated in replicated field trials under spot blotch epidemics and heat stress conditions in 2006 and 2007 at Rampur, Nepal. Canopy temperature depression (CTD), chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), chlorophyll content, percent disease leaf area, yield and yield components were recorded. Heat and spot blotch individually reduced CTD, CF, chlorophyll content, grain yield (GRY), and thousand kernel weight (TKW), with greater reductions recorded under combined stress. Genotypes showing lower GRY or TKW loss due to spot blotch also exhibited lower yield loss due to heat stress or combined heat and disease stress, suggesting an association between tolerance mechanisms to the stresses. The physiological traits chlorophyll content, CF and CTD showed higher correlations with GRY and TKW than with area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) suggesting their potential application in screening for heat and spot blotch tolerant genotypes. Genotypes with lower disease showed the highest values for chlorophyll content, CF and CTD. Our findings provide new information on the relationship of these physiological traits with spot blotch resistance and heat tolerance when examined in the same study. The physiological traits studied have potential application in integrative indirect selection criteria for improving spot botch and heat tolerance in wheat.     

柳兰传粉生物学研究

试验以原产黑龙江省小兴安岭经驯化栽培的野生柳兰为试材,通过室外挂牌标记定株观察、培养基法、联苯胺-过氧化氢法等方法,对其开花习性和传粉昆虫访花行为、花粉活力及柱头可受性等生物学特征进行研究。结果表明:柳兰花期从6月中旬到8月下旬,单株花序花期约49 d,单株小花数约70~130朵,小花花期一般为2~3 d,花药散粉时,花柱仍未伸长,花药与柱头之间有空间间隔和时间间隔,同朵花自花授粉机会很低,繁育系统属于异花授粉方式,且需要传粉者。在实验室条件下,柳兰花粉活力不高,开花当天至花2 d柱头可受性逐渐升高后下降。     

校园不同绿地冬春季空气微生物特征及影响要素研究

空气微生物浓度与人类健康和公共卫生安全息息相关。为探明绿地通过植被类型、垂直结构、环境因子和土壤微生物对空气微生物分布的影响,选择了8块具有典型植被特征的绿地,采用自然沉降法取样并观测空气微生物冬春季的分布情况。结果表明,校园不同绿地空气微生物浓度春季显著高于冬季。受季节、植物种类和垂直结构影响,不同绿地空气减菌作用彼此间显著差异,所有绿地均能有效抑制空气细菌,且在春季表现出更好的减菌效果,对空气真菌基本无抑制作用,针叶林和乔草结构分别为减菌作用最佳的植被类型和垂直结构。环境因素和绿地垂直结构与空气微生物浓度存在显著线性回归关系,空气细菌浓度受温度影响最大,空气真菌浓度受湿度影响最大。土壤细菌多样性和丰富度与空气细菌浓度显著正相关,土壤真菌多样性与空气真菌浓度显著负相关。     

农业水资源可持续利用评价指标体系构建及其应用

指标体系（Indicators System,IS）评价法已在各研究领域得以广泛应用,但存在IS的通用性与区域适用性、全面性与可操作性难于兼顾等问题.以东北三省2001年农业水资源可持续利用（Sustainable Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources,SUAWR）评价为例,依据研究区水资源利用状况分析选取指标保证了指标的区域适用性;采用频度统计法、专家咨询法、谱系聚类法之分裂法、理论分析法等多种方法相结合构建IS,充分借鉴、吸收了已有指标研究成果、IS构建思想及同行专家意见,保证了所选指标的通用性.体现动静结合的运行层和框架层耦合的IS结构则解决了农业水资源系统可持续内涵评价的科学性和全面性与IS的可操作性难于兼顾的矛盾.评价结果表明,按本研究构建的IS适合东北区SUAWR现状评价.     

根癌病对几种樱桃砧木生长发育及氮、磷分配的影响

利用人工接种试验,研究了根癌病对几种生产中常用的樱桃砧木生长发育及氮、磷分配的影响效应,结果表明,根癌病菌能显著抑制新梢和茎干粗度的生长,并使树体叶绿素含量降低,导致树体光合速率下降,但下降幅度与树体抗性有关,树体抗性愈强,则下降幅度愈小;根癌病菌能促进患病植株的根系活力,根癌病菌导致的根系活力的升高促进冠瘿瘤的生长发育,但没有促进树体的生长。冠瘿瘤中,氮、磷含量明显高于该冠瘿瘤所着生的枝条;冠瘿瘤是强生长中心,发生在枝干上的冠瘿瘤首先与地上部协作,共同参与争夺地下部的磷素,然后再参与地上部磷素的竞争;根癌病首先干扰氮素由地上部向根部的回流,其次才影响氮素从叶片向树体其它部位的回流。     

基于LCA方法的秸秆沼气发电和制备生物天然气的环境排放评价

为对比特大型沼气工程沼气资源化不同方式所带来的环境影响差异,文章运用生命周期评价方法(Life cycle assessment,LCA),对特大型秸秆沼气发电工程(日均发电量4万kWh)及生物天然气工程(日产气量1.2万方)进行环境影响评价并比较两者的环境影响及敏感性因素分析。其中包括边界划分、清单分析、各生产阶段的能耗、环境排放计算。根据计算结果显示,沼气发电时,对环境排放影响最大的是秸秆沼气发酵阶段,最敏感因素为单位干物质产气率(mL·g^-1 TS);制备生物天然气时以上两个指标分别为:沼气的提纯过程和沼气提纯技术的选择。从进行能源替代减少环境排放影响的角度来看,生物燃气替代民用散煤要优于沼气发电替代燃煤发电。     

Modelling the water balance of effluent-irrigated trees

Irrigation of effluent is an increasingly popular treatment option due to concern about nutrient additions to rivers and coastal waters. Since some studies have shown that irrigation with waste water can lead to contamination of groundwater resources, there is need for a model to predict the fate of irrigated water, salt, and nitrogen that can be applied to a variety of different soils, climates, and crops. We present the development of the water balance part of such a model, APSIM for Effluent, and carry out a comparison against data obtained from an effluent-irrigated plantation of Eucalyptus grandis. Over 10 months, modelled tree water use was within 1.5% of that obtained by sap-flux measurements. When compared over 5 years of the experiment, modelled drainage lay above that estimated by a water balance technique, which was known a priori to underestimate drainage, and was close to that estimated by the chloride mass balance technique. Simulated chloride accumulated in the soil was within the scatter of the observations, although it was consistently at the lower end of the range of the data. There was good agreement between the model predictions and measured chloride concentration distribution with depth in the soil. A considerable amount of water was lost as deep drainage, even for the treatment that aimed to add only enough effluent to replace that lost by evaporation. During 5 years, of the 3370 mm rainfall and 4480 mm effluent received by that treatment, 6710 mm was lost by the various evaporative routes, and 1080 mm was lost by deep drainage.