湖南省油菜施肥状况调查

采用农户抽样调查的方法,分析研究了湖南省油菜施肥状况及存在的问题.结果表明,油菜种植中有机肥的施用比例为87.7％,施用最普遍的是人粪尿和猪粪尿.化肥品种中,尿素和复合肥的施用比例分别为53.5％和51.8％,而单质磷、钾肥及硼肥的施用比例较低.全省油菜氮、磷、钾肥平均总投入量分别为132 kg/hm2、47 kg/h...     

三结合育种方法在小麦优异种质创育中的应用

为创建新型的小麦基因体系,并为性状改良和新品种选育提供丰富的种质资源,利用远缘杂交、多倍体育种和电离辐射三结合的育种方法,进行了37 a的小麦超亲遗传及新种质创育工作。结果表明,三结合育种后代品系的染色体数量变异和结构变异幅度大,趋向双亲性状类型的分离较少而超亲遗传突出,后代种质分离持续时间长,不少具有较好的综合性状,籽粒产量和品质较常规育种后代显著提高。研究证明,三结合育种方法既克服了单纯的远缘杂交、多倍体育种或辐射育种方法的缺点,又综合了它们的优点,为丰富小麦种质资源和提高小麦育种效率开辟了一条新途径。     

Temporal dynamics of light and nitrogen vertical distributions in canopies of sunflower, kenaf and cynara

To enhance eco-physiological and modelling studies, we quantified vertical distributions of light and nitrogen in canopies of three Mediterranean bio-energy crops: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) and cynara (Cynara cardunculus). Field crops were grown with and without water stress in 2008 and 2009. Canopy vertical distributions of leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), specific leaf area (SLA), nitrogen concentration (N_conc) and specific leaf nitrogen (SLN) were assessed over time for each crop × year × water input combination. Light and nitrogen distributions were quantified by the Beer's law (exponential model) and extinction coefficients for light (K_L) and nitrogen (K_N) were calculated. Within a year, K_L did not change significantly over the studied period in all irrigated crops, but differences in K_L were significant between years (sunflower: 0.74 vs. 0.89; kenaf: 0.62 vs. 0.71; cynara: 0.77). K_L estimates were always lower (−48 to −65%) in water-stressed sunflower and kenaf crops because of the reduction in leaf angle. These results should be taken into account, when simulating water-limited biomass production. Vertical SLN distributions were found in canopies when LAI was >1.5 (40 from 51 cases). These distributions were significantly correlated with the cumulative LAI from the top (r² = 0.75-0.81; P < 0.05), providing parameters to upscale photosynthesis from leaf to canopy levels. Vertical SLN distributions followed species-specific patterns over the crop cycle and varied less compared to PAR distributions between years. Lastly, we observed strong associations between SLN and PAR distributions in irrigated sunflower and kenaf canopies (r² > 0.66; P < 0.001). However, observed SLN distributions were less steep than the distributions that would maximize canopy photosynthesis.     

Effects of dietary copper sources on growth,tissue copper accumulation and physiological responses of Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) (Cuvier, 1828) fed semipurified or practical diets

An 8‐week trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of a chelated copper (Cu) with the inorganic Cu (CuSO₄), in the diet of Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus). Six diets were prepared based on two basal diets (semi‐purified or practical) at two Cu inclusion levels (0 and 4 mg kg^?1 from or chelated‐Cu), accordingly named as S0, SI4, SM4, P0, PI4 and PM4 respectively. Each diet was fed to quadruplicate groups of Japanese sea bass (initial weight: 65.0 ± 0.03 g) during the trial. Fish fed practical diets had higher feed intake, specific growth rate, protein efficiency rate (PER), liver Cu accumulation, liver Na⁺K⁺‐ATPase and plasma alkaline phosphatase, but lower hepatosomatic index than the groups fed semi‐purified diets (P < 0.05). Higher PER was exhibited by fish fed chelated‐Cu diets than that of fish fed CuSO₄ diets (P < 0.05). Although liver Cu accumulation was significantly higher in fish fed practical diets,, liver Cu content increased significantly with increasing dietary copper levels only in fish fed semipurified diets. Chelated‐Cu has higher efficiency than CuSO₄ when fed in practical diets. Poor growth performance of fish fed semipurified diets might induce underestimating the nutrient requirement of Japanese sea bass.     

Operational Analysis of Open Untreated Sewage Source Heat Pump System

The effective sewage intake technology is prerequisite for the untreated sewage source heat pump system to run steadily. In terms of the insufficiency of current sewage intake technologies, an open sewage intake integration technology is proposed. The mathematical model and the distinguish basis of critical state are established for the sewage intake characteristic by defining some important operating parameters, such as the blocking coefficient, the contamination density and the section coefficient. Furthermore, the change rule of each critical operation parameter is observed along with the various initial parameters. The result can provide the theoretical basis to design the open intake integration technology.     

外施硅肥与灌溉方式对草地早熟禾白粉病病情的影响

为探索硅肥与灌溉方式对草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)白粉病的防治效果,试验通过室内盆栽研究了外施硅肥与根灌对草地早熟禾白粉病病情的影响。结果表明,根灌对草地早熟禾白粉病病害的抵制作用不明显并具分异性;对于患病较重的禾草,根灌会使病情加重。外施SiO2溶液可以显著减轻草地早熟禾白粉病的病情指数和病害程度(P＜0.05)。在试验设定的硅肥梯度(0、31、92、275 mg/m2)内,随着施硅量的增加,病情的减轻愈显著。     

HPLC法测定饲料中的炔雌醇

为了制定中国适用于饲料中炔雌醇的高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定的标准方法。本研究通过添加回收方法,以三大类饲料基质（配合饲料、浓缩饲料、添加剂预混料）的代表样品为研究对象,建立了HPLC法测定饲料中炔雌醇的方法,即以乙腈-0.025%磷酸(1:1,v/v)组成混合提取液,超声辅助提取,经液液萃取和C18固相萃取净化后,以反相液相色谱荧光法测定。实验结果表明：该方法线性范围0.05~5 mg/L,线性相关系数0.9992;检出限浓度0.04 mg/kg（添加剂预混料为0.06 mg/kg）,定量限浓度0.1 mg/kg（添加剂预混料为0.2 mg/kg）;配合饲料在0.05、0.25、0.5 mg/kg添加水平的回收率和精密度分别为83%~87%和5.9%~7.0%;三大类饲料平均回收率在81%-86%,相对标准偏差（RSDs）实验室内为3.3%~9.6%,实验室间为5.7%~6.6%。该方法操作简单、环保、灵敏,适用于各类饲料样品中炔雌醇的快速筛查。     

3种药剂对桉树紫斑病林间防效试验

为了找到防治桉树紫斑病的高效、持久、安全的杀菌剂,通过林间防效试验研究10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、500 g/L甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂对桉树紫斑病的防治效果,以清水为对照。结果表明,3种药剂对桉树紫斑病都有较好的防治效果。每隔10天施药,连续3次施药后,桉树大多能恢复生长,长出新梢。10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂1500倍液对桉树紫斑病的防治效果最好,病情指数为25.24,防效为40.24%,500 g/L甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂600倍液的病情指数分别为27.09,防效为35.87%,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500倍液的病情指数分别为32.21,防效为23.74%。清水对照的病情指数为42.24。3种药剂用后都未发生药害。     

Coagulation Behavior and Floc Properties of Dosing Different Alkaline Neutralizers into the Fenton Oxidation Effluent

Neutralization is the necessary operation to ensure the Fenton effluent pH. In situ coagulation can be induced during neutralization. In this study, three types of alkaline neutralizers (Ca(OH)₂, NaOH, and Ca(OH)₂?+?NaOH) were added into the Fenton oxidized PSE to control the effluent pH of 6 to 9. The coagulation behavior, floc structure, and properties were investigated. The results indicated that the coagulation with the adding of three neutralizers can remove 9.68 to 24.02% of the TOC. Ca(OH)₂ exhibited the highest TOC removal efficiency at the dosage of 0.4 g/L. Charge neutralization ability was in the following order: Ca(OH)₂?>?Ca(OH)₂?+?NaOH?>?NaOH. Ca(OH)₂ and Ca(OH)₂?+?NaOH showed the increase of floc growth rate with the increase of agent dosage, especially for Ca(OH)₂?+?NaOH. Moreover, D_f of NaOH flocs was higher than that of Ca(OH)₂ and Ca(OH)₂?+?NaOH, indicating the floc formed by NaOH was more compact than that of Ca(OH)₂. The main coagulation process of three neutralizers was different, and it was also affected by the agent dosage (or pH). When the dosage was 0.35 g/L (pH 6–7.5), the complexation, adsorption, and bridging were the predominant processes while charge neutralization gradually became the main coagulation process for Ca(OH)₂ and Ca(OH)₂?+?NaOH with the increase of dosage (pH 7.5–9).     

覆膜和灌水量对农田水热动态和制种玉米生长的影响

覆膜和节水灌溉是我国西北旱区应对水资源短缺、提高作物水分生产率的主要措施。为了探索覆膜与灌溉制度对农田水热和制种玉米生长的综合影响,揭示农田耗水及水分利用效率的变化规律,于2017年在中国农业大学石羊河流域农业与生态节水试验站进行了制种玉米田间试验,设置覆膜与水分2个控制因素,覆膜分别为完全覆膜(M1)与不覆膜(M0)2个水平,水分设置W1、W2、W3、W4和W5 5个水平,分别为当地传统灌溉定额的100%、85%、70%、55%和40%,灌水方式为滴灌,共10个处理。结果表明:相同灌水条件下覆膜相对于不覆膜处理,可减少棵间蒸发,增高生育前期土壤温度,使株高和叶面积指数的增长速率高于不覆膜,提前7~10 d达峰值,增产达6.5%~44.6%,水分利用效率提高16.9%~50.4%。但覆膜可阻滞降雨入渗,以单次典型降雨32.4 mm为例,覆膜较不覆膜降雨入渗百分比降低22.4%。相同覆膜条件下,土壤贮水消耗量随着灌水量的减少而增多,因此土壤贮水量随着灌水量的增加而增加。灌水量越多,制种玉米株高、叶面积指数和最终干物质累积量越高,而水分利用效率则越低。覆膜条件下,W1处理产量最高,W3次之,且两者之间无显著性差异,水分利用效率则为W5处理最高,W3次之。M1W3处理可以在保证较高产量的同时,水分利用效率较MIW1提高17.6%。综上,在当地制种玉米生产中,虽然覆膜可能减少地表降水入渗,但可以使生育期提前、减少棵间蒸发,对于节水增产有一定的促进作用。