接种蚯蚓对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及有机碳赋存的影响

通过一个月的室内培养试验,研究在不同土壤与植物残体施用下接种蚯蚓对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及土壤有机碳的影响。供试土壤为粘粒含量较低的潮土(86 g/kg)与粘粒含量较高的红壤(318 g/kg),试验前受试土壤的大团聚体全部人为破坏;供试植物残体为高碳氮比的玉米秸秆与低碳氮比的三叶草残体;供试蚯蚓为威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)。试验结果表明:不同土壤与植物残体施用下,蚯蚓对土壤水稳性团聚体分布、微团聚体分散性及土壤有机碳赋存的作用不同,潮土中施用两种植物残体时,接种蚯蚓均显著降低土壤粘粒分散率(P0.05),但不对水稳性团聚体分布及团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)产生影响,同时赋存于粘粉粒中的有机碳含量均增加;红壤中施用两种植物残体时,接种蚯蚓均显著降低土壤粘粒及粘粉粒分散率(P0.05),同时均形成2 mm大团聚体,2～0.25 mm大团聚体所占比例及MWD也显著增加(P0.05),相应赋存于2 mm大团聚体与2～0.25 mm大团聚体中的土壤有机碳含量均显著增加(P0.05)。两种土壤在施用植物残体且接种蚯蚓时均可显著增加土壤有机碳的含量(P0.05)。对于水土流失和土壤结构严重退化的地区,通过施用植物残体并接种蚯蚓是恢复土壤结构与增加土壤有机碳储存的重要生态工程措施。     

Soluble organic nitrogen pools in greenhouse and open field horticultural soils under organic and conventional management: A case study

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of four different horticultural management practices in open field and in greenhouse conditions under organic and conventional cultivation on the amount of soluble organic nitrogen (SON) present in the soil. Soils used in greenhouses and open field cultivation were sampled in Shanghai, China, where organic farming has been conducted for 3 years or conventional faming has been continued in the same area. The amounts of SON, nitrate (NO₃^?) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) were greater in the greenhouse soils than those under open field cultivation, which indicated a higher degree of soil management was imposed under greenhouse conditions. Greenhouse cultivation is also known to accelerate the turnover of SON in the soils, which may explain the significantly higher amounts of SON present in these soils. Organic farming, which does not use artificial fertilizers and pesticides, also resulted in significantly higher amounts of SON (average 42.10 mg kg^?1) compared with soils under conventional faming (24.59 mg kg^?1). The reasons for the observed differences in pool sizes of soluble inorganic nitrogen (SIN) and NO₃^? in the greenhouse soils and the open fields include (a) the heavy application of both complex fertilizer and organic fertilizer that exceeded crop requirements and (b) warmer temperatures and moist soils in the greenhouses, which are likely to lead to greater rates of N cycling compared with the open field soils. These results suggest that SON may be an important source of N in all horticultural systems, representing a pool of labile N readily available for plant growth. However, its concentration is less sensitive to different management practices than SIN. In contrast to SON, the total soluble nitrogen and inorganic N (SIN) pools varied widely with the different management practices although they were dominated by NO₃^? in all treatments. Soil organic N was positively related to dissolved organic carbon and NO₃^? contents. This relationship indicates that NO₃^? and dissolved organic matter play a key role in the retention of SON in soil.     

不同工况下柴油机活塞变形的三维有限元分析

为了考察各种工况因素对柴油机活塞工作时变形的影响情况,以某4105型号柴油机活塞为对象,采用三维有限元分析方法,分别就各种工况因素对活塞变形的影响进行分析。结果表明,在机械负荷作用下,随着柴油机负荷或转速的增加,活塞的变形也相应的增大,活塞的最大变形均发生在活塞主推力面裙部下沿位置;在热负荷作用下,随着柴油机负荷的增加,活塞的变形也相应的增大,而此时转速差异对活塞变形的影响不是很明显,整个活塞的最大热变形发生在活塞顶部靠近排气口一侧边缘;活塞在机械—热负荷耦合作用下的变形情况与在机械负荷作用下分析得到的结果相似。该结果可以为活塞的结构改进和优化设计提供参考依据。     

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算方法在海河流域的适用性

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET0）的计算公式很多,各公式所需参数各异,为寻找一种所需资料少而又精度较高的替代方法,选用1998年FAO-56分册推荐的Penman－Monteith（PM）、Hargreaves、Irmark-Allen等6种方法分别计算海河流域10个典型气象站30 a的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量,并以PM公式为标准,对其他方法进行评价。结果表明,10个站点中除了五台山地区,Hargreaves与FAO-24 Radiation 这2种方法更接近于PM方法的计算结果,其误差较小,在海河流域缺少辐射和风速     

Anti-inflammatory effects of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) fruit aqueous extract and the isolation of main phytochemicals

Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) fruits have been used as food as well as folk medicine in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatism. The present study was carried out to study the anti-inflammatory activities of C. spinosa L. fruit (CSF) aqueous extract and to isolate main phytochemicals from its bioactive fractions. The CSF aqueous extract were separated into three fractions (CSF1-CSF3) by macroporous adsorption resins. The fractions CSF2 and CSF3 effectively inhibited the carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. Systematic fractionation and isolation from CSF2+3 led to the identification of 13 compounds (1-13). Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) and literature comparisons. Major compounds found in the bioactive fraction CSF2+3 are flavonoids, indoles, and phenolic acids. To our knowledge, 8 of these 13 compounds (1-4, 6-7, 10, and 13) were identified from caper fruits for the first time. The anti-inflammatory effects of these purified compounds are currently under investigation.     

生存与保障:集市对集市相关利益群体的重要性——基于对青岛李村大集的个案研究

集市作为基层市场,是满足社会低收入群体基本生活需求的主要场所。在这里,笔者把以谋生为目的,从事集市职业的这类群体称之为集市谋生群体,经常在集市这个场域中消费的这一类群体称之为集市消费群体。集市谋生群体与集市消费群体在集市中进行贸易往来,通过交换获得满足自身需要的用品,集市是谋生群体与消费群体的生存的场域空间之一。但是,随着城市化的推进,集市受到了城市化张力的排挤,低层次集市的发展受到了极大地制约,有的集市甚至被予以取缔,集市谋生群体、集市消费群体的利益受到了极大侵害。本文主要从集市谋生群体、集市消费群体的自身特点,来说明集市对其存在的现实意义。     

养殖场的选址和布局

养殖场的选址和布局选址是养殖环节的重要前提和基础性工作,合理的选址与布局为家畜和管理人员创造良好生产和生活环境,合理的利用自然资源和社会资源,避免了不必要的损失.     

地膜玉米栽培及病虫害防治要点分析

首先从分做好播前准备、品种选择、精细整地、铺膜播种、田间管理和收获6个方面阐述了地膜玉米高产栽培技术,然后对地膜玉米病虫害防治进行了简单的探讨。     

Quantitative structure-activity relationships of monoterpenoid binding activities to the housefly GABA receptor

BACKGROUND: Monoterpenoids are a large group of plant secondary metabolites. Many of these naturally occurring compounds have shown good insecticidal potency on pest insects. Previous studies in this laboratory have indicated that some monoterpenoids have positive modulatory effects on insect GABA receptors. In this study, the key properties of monoterpenoids involved in monoterpenoid binding activity at the housefly GABA receptor were determined by developing quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) models, and the relationship between the toxicities of these monoterpenoids and their GABA receptor binding activities was evaluated. RESULTS: Two QSAR models were determined for nine monoterpenoids showing significant effects on [³H]‐TBOB binding and for nine p‐menthane analogs with at least one oxygen atom attached to the ring. The Mulliken charges on certain carbon atoms, the log P value and the total energy showed significant relationships with binding activities to the housefly GABA receptor in these two QSAR models. CONCLUSIONS: From the QSAR models, some chemical and structural parameters, including the electronic properties, hydrophobicity and stability of monoterpenoid molecules, were suggested to be strongly involved in binding activities to the housefly GABA receptor. These findings will help to understand the mode of action of these natural insecticides, and provide guidance to predict more monoterpenoid insecticides. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

湖北房县烟区土壤重金属含量状况及其与土壤肥力的关系

以湖北房县烟区186份植烟土壤样品为供试材料,研究了植烟土壤重金属含量与土壤肥力的关系。试验结果表明,(1)湖北房县烟区植烟土壤重金属含量状况符合无公害农产品产地环境条件的要求。(2)湖北房县烟区大部分植烟土壤养分变异系数较小,肥力较为均匀。(3)在一定范围内,pH值处于中性偏酸(6.0～7.0)时,土壤的重金属含量相对较低,当pH<6.0时,重金属含量较高;重金属含量与阳离子代换量(CEC)的关系明显,随着CEC值的增加,重金属含量增加;除As元素外,碱解氮的含量越高,重金属的含量越高;随着速效磷和速效钾含量的增加,重金属含量均增加;除重金属As变化不明显外,其他重金属含量均与有机质含量的关系明显,随着有机质含量的增加,重金属含量增加。