坡耕地蓄水保土耕作技术措施的探讨

根据黄土丘陵区自然环境、社会经济条件,因地制宜地采取与其相适应的水土保持耕作技术措施,以利于蓄水、保土、培肥地力,提高单产,退耕陡坡,还林还草,促使农业生态系统逐渐向良性循环转变。为此,在大面积推广水平沟种植的基础上,进行了覆盖、留茬倒垄、沟内加土挡,坡地草田带状间作轮种、粮草灌宽带间作、川平地覆膜间作套种、深耕密植等水保耕作技术措施的试验研究,并对各种技术措施的蓄水、挡泥、培肥地力、增产增收效益作了评价。     

当前肉鸭饲养存在的问题及对策

中国是水禽养殖大国。近年来，由于饲养肉鸭成本比快大肉鸡低，经济效益每只1.5～2元，市场消费量越来越大，使中国肉鸭业得到了快速发展，涌现出一大批肉鸭一条龙企业。但由于制种、防疫工程、饲养设施、疾病和饲养管理技术等方面还存在着诸多问题，直接影响了中国肉鸭业的健康发展。该文较为系统地分析了当前存在的问题，介绍了肉种鸭健康养殖的一些饲养管理技术，为中国今后肉鸭业的健康发展提供了参考。     

黄土半干旱区刺槐林地土壤蒸发特性研究

对黄土半干旱区刺槐林内的土壤蒸发状况,进行比较系统的试验研究。试验采用微型蒸发器（Micro-lysimeters,MLS）,人为控制土壤水分梯度,对不覆盖、枯枝落叶物覆盖和苔藓覆盖3种处理的林地土壤蒸发进行了分析。结果表明,在不同土壤水分条件下,利用枯落物覆盖减小林地土壤蒸发效果晴天好于多云天,枯落物覆盖、苔藓覆盖与无覆盖相比,分别减少了20.15%～52.46%和11.11%～36.72%的土壤蒸发,枯落物覆盖效果好于苔藓;林地土壤蒸发量随土壤水分的增加呈上升趋势,当土壤含水量增加到一定临界值以后,林地土壤蒸发量由上升变为下降,表现出土壤水分对林地土壤蒸发具有明显的阈值反应,土壤含水量的临界值分别为14.2%（枯落物覆盖）和16.8%（不覆盖）;基于林地土壤蒸发量（E1）与水面蒸发量（E0）的观测数据,利用STATISTICA软件统计分析,建立林地土壤蒸发模型,可用于林地土壤蒸发量的估算,为林地土壤水分管理提供理论依据。     

有机地表覆盖材料对树穴土壤理化性质的影响

通过大田试验,研究有机地表覆盖材料对土壤理化性质的影响。以圆明园公园内的桑葚林(Morus alba L.)树穴土壤为研究对象设置6种处理,即水性聚氨酯胶黏剂有机覆盖垫(A)、水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比9∶1有机覆盖垫(B)、水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比8∶2有机覆盖垫(C)、水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比7∶3有机覆盖垫(D)、木片覆盖(M)和无覆盖处理(CK),对不同地表覆盖材料的覆盖效果进行评价。结果表明:(1)总体来看,1年后不同有机地表覆盖材料覆盖下树穴土壤的容重、孔隙度、持水量等物理指标以及不同土层土壤pH变化不大。(2)与CK相比,不同有机地表覆盖材料可增加土壤中有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量,覆盖后0-10 cm土层比10-20 cm土层的效果更为明显。综合考虑,不同有机地表覆盖材料能够改善土壤养分含量,水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比8∶2有机覆盖垫(C)为5种有机地表覆盖材料中最适合裸露树穴的覆盖材料。     

温度势梯度下土壤水平一维水盐运动特征的实验研究

为了分析温度势梯度作用下的土壤水平一维水盐运动特征,该文对土柱中存在温度势梯度时不同初始含水率下水盐运动的实验结果进行了分析。通过对瞬态温度变化过程和稳态温度形成特征的探讨,研究了温度势梯度存在时水平一维土柱中水盐运动的特点。在温度势梯度影响下土壤水分总体上从暖端向冷端迁移,而土壤盐分则以某位置为临界点在暖端累积,在该临界位置前后土壤含盐量与初始含盐量相比,由高于该值到低于该值,并在接近冷端处与初始值相同     

高尔夫球场土壤养分测试与诊断

通过对北京国际高尔夫俱乐部和京南永乐高尔夫球会球道土壤N、P、K、Si等养分含量的测定、分析并结合国内外相关指标,对高尔夫球场肥力状况作了评价。结果认为,目前球场总体N和P的含量偏低,K含量比标准偏高。     

Responses of microbial biomass and respiration of soil to topography,burning, and nitrogen fertilization in a temperate steppe

Temporal dynamics of microbial biomass and respiration of soil and their responses to topography, burning, N fertilization, and their interactions were determined in a temperate steppe in northern China. Soil microbial indices showed strong temporal variability over the growing season. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) were 14.8 and 11.5% greater in the lower than upper slope, respectively. However, the percentage of organic C present as MBC and the percentage of total N present as MBN were 16.9 and 26.2% higher in the upper than lower slope, respectively. Neither microbial respiration (MR) nor metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was affected by topography. Both MBC and MBN were increased by burning, on average, by 29.8 and 14.2% over the growing season, and MR and qCO₂ tended to reduce depending on the sampling date, especially in August. Burning stimulated the percentage of organic C present as MBC and the percentage of total N present as MBN in the upper slope, but did not change these two parameters in the lower slope. No effects of N fertilization on soil microbial indices were observed in the first growing season after the treatment. Further research is needed to study the long-term relationships between changes in soil microbial diversity and activity and plant community in response to burning and N fertilization.     

农田土壤重金属污染及污染修复技术研究进展

指出了我国农田土壤重金属污染情况严重.约有1/5的耕地受到重金属的污染.从污水灌溉、大气沉降、固体废弃物、农用物资施用等方面探讨了农田土壤重金属的主要来源.分析了土壤重金属污染修复技术.包括物理修复、化学修复、生物修复等方法.     

QTL mapping of sheath blight resistance in a deep-water rice cultivar

Sheath blight, caused by the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, is one of the most serious diseases of rice and leads to severe yield loss worldwide. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 121 lines was constructed from a cross between HH1B and RSB03, the latter of which is a deep-water rice variety. Five traits were used to evaluate sheath blight resistance, namely disease rating (DR), lesion length (LL), lesion height (LH), relative lesion length [RLL, the ratio of LL to plant height (PH)], and relative LH (RLH, the ratio of LH to PH). Using the RIL population and 123 molecular markers, we identified 28 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the five traits in two environments. These QTLs are located on nine chromosomes and most of them are environment specific. A major QTL for DR (qSBR1) on chromosome 1 was identified with contributions of 12.7% at Shanghai and 42.6% at Hainan, and it collocated with a QTL for PH. The allele at this locus from RSB03 enhances sheath blight resistance and increases PH. Another QTL for DR on chromosome 7 was adjacent to QTLs for heading date (HD) and four other disease traits. RSB03 also carries the resistant allele at this locus and shortens HD. The susceptible parent, HH1B, provides the resistance allele at the locus qSBR8, where QTLs for four other disease traits were identified. QTL mapping results showed that most QTLs for LL, LH, RLL, and RLH are collocated with QTLs for DR. Three QTLs for DR are independent from HD, PH, and four other disease traits, while four QTLs are closely related to HD and PH. Four QTLs for LL, LH, RLL, and RLH are independent from DR, HD, and PH, while there is only one region harboring QTLs for these four traits and HD. Correlation analysis and QTL mapping results indicated that LL, LH, RLL, and RLH might be important indices, like DR, for evaluating the level of resistance to rice sheath blight.     

应用RNA沉默技术获取抗黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)和烟草花叶病毒(TMV)转基因烟草

RNA沉默是迄今最为有效的抗病毒策略,利用该策略不但能获得免疫转基因植株,且所得植株不易与其他病毒基因重组或异源包壳、生物安全性较高。将本实验室已构建的携带有烟草花叶病毒(TMV)部分移动蛋白基因(ΔMP)和黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)部分复制酶基因(ΔRep)反向重复结构的植物表达载体pBIN438-MP-Rep(i/r),用农杆菌浸润法转化普通烟草品种K326,共得196株转化植株,经卡那霉素筛选和PCR检测发现128株为阳性转基因株;PCR-Southern和RT-PCR分析表明外源基因已整合到烟草基因组并在转录水平上得到表达;ELISA结果显示20.3%的转基因植株对CMV和TMV复合侵染表现免疫性。本结果为利用RNA沉默技术进行植物抗多种病毒育种提供重要数据,为防治其他多种病毒复合侵染提供借鉴。