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31.
ABSTRACTAquacultured northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria, set in the environment for overwintering have experienced episodes of anomalous, highly variable and site-specific overwinter mortality. Prior research has revealed factors likely contributing to mortality during isothermal winter lows, when M. mercenaria do not feed, and the postwinter approach to spring. However, a synthesis of prior studies suggests juvenile M. mercenaria survival during the prewinter period of temperature may be subject to the timely dietary availability of two highly unsaturated fatty acids, 20:5n-3, eicosapentaneoic acid, and 22:6n-3, docosahexaneoic acid, and the biosynthesis of the nonmethylene interrupted fatty acids, 22:2Δ7,13 and 22:2Δ7,15. 相似文献
32.
Contamination of soil with hydrocarbons occurs frequently. Restoring contaminated soils is costly and time consuming. Earthworms accelerate the removal of hydrocarbons as they burrow through soil by rendering contaminants available for microbial degradation, by feeding on the organic matter that harbour contaminants, and by improving soil structure and aeration. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are recalcitrant hydrocarbons that can contaminate the environment and can thus serve as models to study the factors that control the removal of petroleum from soil. The effect of earthworms on the removal of PAHs was reviewed. It was found that earthworms have the capacity to accelerate the removal of PAHs and their degradation products from soil. However, large numbers of earthworms are required, which might be expensive. Moreover, it may be difficult to provide sufficient organic material as feed while simultaneously maintaining high soil water content to allow burrowing. 相似文献
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Rosario Torres Carla Nunes José María García Maribel Abadias Inmaculada Viñas Teresa Manso Manuel Olmo Josep Usall 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,118(1):73-83
We determined the potential of using a formulated product based on Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2, either alone or in combination with heated sodium bicarbonate (SBC) solutions, to control the major postharvest diseases
affecting citrus crops in the Mediterranean region. Treatments applied either individually or in combination were tested in
semi-commercial and commercial trials carried out with oranges and mandarins from the Algarve, Andalusia and Catalonia. Firstly,
several formulations of the biocontrol agents were tested in laboratory trials; one of them, a freeze-dried formulation of
P. agglomerans strain CPA-2 called FD10-3, was chosen for combined with SBC. This formulation, applied at 2 × 108cfu ml−1 and the SBC treatment, applied at 3% 50°C for 20–40 s, demonstrated that it was possible to reduce decay development in laboratory
trials. Semi-commercial applications of FD10-3 and 3% SBC solution at 50°C for 40 s showed excellent control of decay in unwounded
mandarins and oranges artificially inoculated with both Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum. No rind injuries or residues attributable to hot water or SBC were observed on treated fruits. Combined treatment provided
better control than the two treatments applied separately. Commercial trials demonstrated an important reduction in natural
decay with the treatment of SBC 3% at 50°C for 40 s. Furthermore, bacterial-product formulation treatment significantly reduced
the percentage of infected fruit and in some cases this reduction was equal to chemical treatments. Even so, no improvement
in efficacy was observed with the combination of FD10-3 and SBC in the commercial test. We also assessed the ability of FD10-3
to grow at the wound site in oranges, whether alone or in the presence of SBC, and also its compatibility with standard citrus
packinghouse practices. 相似文献
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José Rogelio Ramos-Enríquez Benjamín Ramírez-Wong Rosario Maribel Robles-Sánchez Ramón Enrique Robles-Zepeda Gustavo Adolfo González-Aguilar Roberto Gutiérrez-Dorado 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2018,73(3):228-234
The extrusion process (EP) consists of heat and mechanical treatments under different conditions of moisture, shear, and pressure and rapidly causes structural alterations and changes in the functional properties of the extruded material. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extrusion conditions and optimize the wheat bran extrusion conditions to achieve the greatest content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity using response surface methodology. The EP factors evaluated were feed moisture (FM) (25–33.54%) and final extrusion temperature (T) (140–180 °C). The properties evaluated in the extruded material were bound total phenol content (BTPC), total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (AOX). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface methodology were used in the evaluation. The determination coefficients, (FM)2 and (T)2, very significantly affected the BTPC and bound 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl content (BDPPHC). The optimization was performed by overlaying two contour plots to predict the best combination regions. The optimized extrusion conditions were the following: FM?=?30% and T?=?140 °C, which provided BTPC?=?3547.01 μgGAE/g (predicted: 3589.3 μgGAE/g) and BDPPHC?=?9.5 μmolTE/g (predicted: 10.4 μmolTE/g); and FM?=?30% and T?=?180 °C, which provided BTPC?=?3342.3 μgGAE/g (predicted: 3727.7 μgGAE/g) and BDPPHC?=?9.5 μmolTE/g (predicted: 9.3 μmolTE/g). The EP increased the phenolic compounds and AOX, and enhancement of these properties in wheat bran products could make them functional foods. 相似文献
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Interaction of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae with chlorpyrifos ethyl and spinosad in Spodoptera frugiperda larvae 下载免费PDF全文
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Ana Lorena Sanchez-Lizarraga Valeria Arenas-Montaño Erika Nahomy Marino-Marmolejo Luc Dendooven Jesus Bernardino Velazquez-Fernandez Gustavo Davila-Vazquez Jacobo Rodriguez-Campos Laura Hernández-Cuevas Silvia Maribel Contreras-Ramos 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(11):3256-3270
Purpose
The aim of this research was to determine the vinasse irrigation effects on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) population (total spore abundance (TSA), richness, relative abundance, and diversity indices) and soil parameters and nutrients at high doses. The irrigation of soil with vinasses derived from sugarcane, beet, or alcohol production is a common practice around the world. Little is known about how this affects the AMF community and soil nutrients.Materials and methods
The spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum, (Thunb.) Jacques), a mycorrhizable plant, was used to investigate the effect of 4 months of frequent vinasse irrigation (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% vinasse concentration) on AMF and soil characteristics, e.g., electrical conductivity (EC), pH, mineral N, available P, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+.Results and discussion
The vinasse irrigation decreased the TSA, AMF richness and diversity after 4 months, regardless of vinasse concentration. The vinasse irrigation did not acidify the soil, but the EC, mineral N and available P increased. The biomass of C. comosum decreased (77–81%) after vinasse irrigation for 4 months.Conclusions
Frequent irrigation with vinasse at concentrations ≥50% increases EC, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and available P in the soil, and decreases the amount of AMF spores, richness and diversity, which is not desirable in agricultural soils.38.
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A method for rearing the southern green stinkbug, (Nezara viridula L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), using a modified lygus semi-solid artificial diet was developed. First to second-instar nymph were reared in a density of 631.5 ± 125.05 eggs per Petri-dish (4 cm deep × 15 cm diam). Second instar to adult were reared in a density of 535.0 ± 112.46 s instar nymphs per rearing cage (43 × 28 × 9 cm). Mating and oviposition occurred in popup rearing cages (30 × 30 cm), each holding 60–90 mixed sex adults of similar age. Adults emerged 35.88 ± 2.13 d after oviposition and survived for an average of 43.09 ± 9.53 d. On average, adults laid 223.95 ± 69.88 eggs in their lifetime, for a total production of 8,099 ± 1,277 fertile eggs/oviposition cage. Egg fertility was 77.93% ± 16.28. Egg masses held in petri-dishes had a total hatchability of 79.38% ± 20.03. Mortality of early nymphs in petri-dishes was 0.64% ± 0.12 for the first instar and 1.37% ± 0.45 for second instar. Late nymphal mortality in rearing cages was 1.41% ± 0.10, 3.47% ± 1.27, and 4.72% ± 1.29 for the third, fourth, and fifth instars, respectively. Survivorship from nymphs to adults was 88.48% ± 2.76. Using artificial diet for rearing N. viridula could reduce cost by avoiding time-consuming issues with daily feeding fresh natural hosts and insect manipulation. It could increase reliability and simplicity of bug production, which should facilitate mass rearing of its biological control agents. 相似文献
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Oscar Daniel García‐Prez Mireya Tapia‐Salazar Martha G. Nieto‐Lpez Julio Csar Cruz‐Valdez Maribel Maldonado-Muiz Lucía Marlene Guerrero Guerrero Lucía Elizabeth Cruz‐Surez Alicia G. Marroquín-Cardona 《Aquaculture Research》2020,51(3):1051-1060
Aflatoxicosis is a growing problem in aquaculture. A 42‐day study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and curcumin (CUR) to protect juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from aflatoxins. Growth parameters along with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activities were measured. Shrimps (36) with an average weight of 76 ± 0.9 mg were randomly allocated in eight experimental groups. Non‐contaminated diet (NCD) and aflatoxin‐contaminated diet (ACD) at 200 μg/kg were prepared. ACD was used to prepare six diets supplemented with CLA (4, 5 or 6 g/kg) and CUR (0.15, 0.2 and 0.3 g/kg). ACD reduced feed intake, growth rate and nitrogen retention efficiency, and increased ALP and GST activity. Improved nitrogen retention was observed for all groups feed with CLA. CUR supplementation at 0.2 g/kg increased feed intake and growth rate while at 0.15 g/kg increased nitrogen retention. ALP activity was reduced in all CUR groups and in 5 and 6 g/kg CLA groups. Reduction in GST activity was observed in 0.15 and 0.2 g/kg CUR groups and 4 g/kg CLA group. CLA supplementation and CUR supplementation can be beneficial to protect juvenile shrimp against aflatoxins. 相似文献