四级轴流透平的性能研究

以汉诺威大学四级轴流实验涡轮为对象,利用当今先进的流体数值模拟软件NUMECA对其不同工况下的内部流场进行了数值模拟,获取同一工况下流场损失分布特点,从而为透平的优化提供理论基础。通过改变涡轮出口背压的方法,画出不同工况下该四级轴流透平的特性曲线,并在特性曲线上获得效率最高点、流量最大值点、流量最小值点。并通过对比获得最大效率点处不同级透平的流场损失分布。利用相同的方法分析同一工况或不同工况下整个四级透平的流场的损失分布。     

穴盘育苗播种机械及技术发展研究

随着我国蔬菜、瓜果及花卉生产向专业化、规模化转变,育苗产业化必将成为今后的发展趋势。穴盘育苗是主要的育苗方式,阐述国内外穴盘育苗播种装置及播种技术的研究现状,分析我国穴盘育苗播种装置发展中存在的问题,预测其发展趋势,为后续高效、低成本穴缸育苗精量播种机械的设计提供参考。     

Spatiotemporal Changes in Soil Nutrients:A Case Study in Taihu Region of China

The accurate assessment of the spatiotemporal changes in soil nutrients influenced by agricultural production provides the basis for development of management strategies to maintain soil fertility and balance soil nutrients. In this paper, we combined spatial measurements from 2 157 soil samples and geostatistical analysis to assess the spatiotemporal changes in soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, available phosphorus （AP） and available potassium content （AK） from the first soil survey （in the 1980s） to the second soil survey （in the 2000s） in the Taihu region of Jiangsu Province in China. The results showed that average soil nutrients in three soil types all exhibited the increased levels in the 2000s （except for AK in the yellow brown soil）. The standard deviation of soil nutrient contents increased （except for TN in the paddy soil）. Agricultural production in the 20 years led to increases in SOC, TN, AP and AK by 74, 82, 89 and 65%, respectively, of the Taihu areas analyzed. From the 1980s to 2000s all the nugget/sill ratios of soil nutrients indices were between 25 and 75% （except for AK in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s）, indicating moderate spatial dependence. The ratio of AP in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s was 88.74%, showing weak spatial dependence. The spatial correlation range values for SOC, TN, AP and AK in the 2000s all decreased. The main areas showing declines in SOC, TN and AP were in the northwest. For AK, the main region with declining levels was in the east and middle of western areas. Apparently, the increase in soil nutrients in the Taihu region can be mainly attributed to the large increase in fertilizer inputs, change in crop systems and enhanced residues management since the 1980s. Future emphasis should be placed on avoiding excess fertilizer inputs and balancing the effects of the fertilizers in soils.     

基于云共享体系的公共图书馆业务工作创新研究

通过对近年来云计算研究的梳理,找出了云计算应用于公共图书馆业务工作的研究盲区,并以安徽省图书馆为例进行实证研究。在对安徽省图书馆业务工作现状进行研究的基础上,指出了业务工作中存在的共享不足等问题,分析了云计算给安徽省图书馆业务工作发展带来的机遇,最后提出了云计算在安徽省图书馆业务工作中的应用策略。     

毛竹林培育技术推广面临的问题与对策

毛竹林培育技术的应用与推广已成为毛竹产业发展的重要措施。通过野外调查和实地走访,分析了目前毛竹林培育技术推广中存在的问题,提出了促进毛竹林培育技术推广的建议与对策,以期加快毛竹产业的健康发展。     

不同花粉对苹果果实中抗坏血酸相关酶活性的影响

采用自育高效授粉树的花粉,在富士、金帅、嘎啦苹果铃铛花期时进行授粉,自授粉后20天的幼果开始间隔20天连续采样,对果实抗坏血酸(AsA)代谢中关键酶抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、L －半乳糖－1,4－内酯脱氢酶(GalLDH)、L －半乳糖脱氢酶( GalDH),以及 AsA含量进行测定。结果表明：苹果果实 AsA 的迅速积累期主要为授粉后40～60天期间,用高效授粉树花粉授粉的果实,在整个生长发育过程中,L －半乳糖内酯脱氢酶的活性均比对照果实有明显的提高,对于 L－半乳糖脱氢酶,虽然该酶在授粉果实内活性较对照果实有所提高,但其在整个生长发育时期活性比较低;对于处理果实,其还原酶 MDHAR和 DHAR的活性提高,而氧化酶 AAO和 APX的活性却较对照果实降低,但总体活性水平差异不显著。AAO,APX,MDHAR,DHAR 4个酶均在果实发育初期存在较高的活性,以后逐渐降低并维持在稳定的水平,后期活性不高。这表明经高效授粉树授粉处理的果实主要是通过提高果实内 AsA 合成酶的活性来提高果实内 AsA的含量。     

离心泵反转作液力透平的力学特性

以一台比转数为84.5的离心泵为研究对象,应用CFD软件对该泵作液力透平时的内部流场进行数值模拟,建立相对坐标系下的连续方程和时均Navier-Stokes方程,采用标准k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法分别对泵工况和液力透平工况进行数值模拟,得到2种工况下在不同流量时的径向力.通过对比泵工况下径向力的数值计算值和Stepanoff公式计算值,发现两者径向力大小比较吻合,表明数值模拟建立的径向力计算模型是正确的.数值模拟结果表明:液力透平工况时的最高效率比泵工况时的最高效率低约5.4%;在相同流量下透平工况时径向力普遍小于泵工况时的径向力;透平工况时径向力的大小随流量的增大而增大;当流量小于设计流量的1.1倍时,随着流量的增大,液力透平工况时径向力的方向和隔舌的夹角从146°减小到125°,但当流量大于设计流量的1.1倍时,其与隔舌的夹角随流量的增大而增大,在1.4倍的设计流量时其夹角达到144°.通过计算和实例表明在透平工况下运行时,泵轴强度仍然满足使用要求.     

Effects of body size and water temperature on food consumption and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with special reference to aestivation

To investigate the effects of body size and water temperature on feeding and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka), the maximum rate of food consumption in terms of energy (C_maxe; J day^?1) and the specific growth rate in terms of energy (SGRe; % day^?1) in animals of three body sizes (mean±SE) – large (134.0±3.5 g), medium (73.6±2.2 g) and small (36.5±1.2 g) – were determined at water temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Maximum rate of food consumption in terms of energy increased and SGRe decreased with increasing body weight at 10, 15 and 20°C. This trend, however, was not apparent at 25 and 30°C, which could be influenced by aestivation. High water temperatures (above 20°C) were disadvantageous to feeding and growth of this animal; SGRe of A. japonicus during aestivation was negative. The optimum temperatures for food consumption and for growth were similar and were between 14 and 15°C, and body size seemed to have a slight effect on the optimal temperature for food consumption or growth. Because aestivation of A. japonicus was temperature dependent, the present paper also documented the threshold temperatures to aestivation as indicated by feeding cessation. Deduced from daily food consumption of individuals, the threshold temperature to aestivation for large and medium animals (73.3–139.3 g) was 24.5?25.5°C, while that for small animals (28.9–40.7 g) was between 25.5 and 30.5°C. These values are higher than previous reports; differences in sign of aestivation, experimental condition and dwelling district of test animals could be the reasons.     

Using ecological trajectories to track long-term taxonomic and functional changes in benthic shallow soft-bottom communities (Bay of Saint-Brieuc,English Channel)

1. Taxonomic and functional trajectories of benthic assemblages were studied in shallow soft-bottom sediments in the bay of Saint-Brieuc (Western English Channel). Changes were assessed at different spatial and temporal scales using a macrobenthic dataset based on 38 stations sampled in 1987 and 2019, coupled with data from one station sampled annually between 2005 and 2019 as part of the European Water Framework Directive monitoring programme.
2. Taxonomic trajectories indicated 1) changes in the structure and distribution of benthic assemblages, 2) an homogenization of the assemblages, and 3) significant functional shifts.
3. Fishing activities and nutrient enrichment are probably strong drivers of the observed changes, as suggested by the higher mortality rate of fragile, flexible, tubiculous and burrowing species, and the increase in the abundance of opportunistic species in the assemblages. Certain populations of macroinvertebrates seem jointly controlled by climate change and by the aforementioned local factors of disturbance.
4. The Community Trajectory Analysis framework appears as a new and interesting method to track ecological changes in marine ecosystems by measuring change with respect to a baseline state, to help define ecological recovery (station returning to the initial ecological state) and departure (station presenting increased changes over time), and to analyse trajectory similarity.
5. According to the degradation of habitat over time, we identify the need for the implementation of knowledge-based conservation strategies, especially within Natura 2000 sites.

     

西北灌区地下水矿化度变化及其对作物的影响

地下水矿化度的时空变化是影响地下水资源质量和作物生长的重要因素,尤其是对主要依靠抽取地下水用于灌溉的农业地区。该文以石羊河流域为例搜集了武威、昌宁、民勤共21个灌区1981－2003年间观测站点的地下水矿化度数据,选用反距离加权法（IDW）进行空间插值处理。并结合自然因素和人类活动的影响,分析其时空变化趋势,结果显示：流域内年平均矿化度（TDS）整体呈增加趋势,且从上游向下游逐渐增高,矿化度的年际波动也从上游向下游逐渐增大。该文还分析了矿化度变化对当地主要作物的安全生长影响,研究了当地两种典型作物春小麦和棉花的适合种植范围,得出：适合两种作物的种植面积略有缩小趋势。该研究表明在一些需要采用地下水进行灌溉的西北干旱灌区,应加强对地下水矿化度的监测与控制。