食品加工中风味规律的探索

为了获得具有良好风味的食品和为食品加工提供指导,通过对大量的食品风味经验知识的研究,探索了风味的本质问题,探讨了食品化学组成对风味造成的影响,总结出了主风味理论,合适浓度理论,平衡刺激理论,风味层次理论,风味音乐理论和刺激钝化理论等6个风味规律。并列举大量的实例对其进行解释,同时还论述了食品物理性质如质构、温度和比热对风味的影响。     

Subcellular distribution and chemical forms of chromium in rice plants suffering from different levels of chromium toxicity

The subcellular distribution and chemical forms of different heavy metals in rice are correlated with their bio‐toxicity. An experiment was conducted to investigate the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of chromium (Cr) in two rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L. cv. Xiushui 113 and cv. Dan K5) differing in Cr accumulation, to understand the mechanisms of Cr toxicity and resistance in rice plants. The results show that Cr in the roots of rice plants exposed to Cr stress was mainly localized in cell walls, whereas Cr in leaves and stems was mainly present in both cell walls and vacuoles, suggesting that both compartments act as important protective barriers against Cr toxicity in rice plants. Although Cr ions in all plant tissues exist predominantly in the forms extracted by 80% ethanol and distilled water, the amount of Cr in the chemical forms extracted by 2% HAc, 0.6 M HCl, and in residues was significantly increased under the highest Cr level (100 μM Cr) compared to the plants grown under lower Cr levels. These results indicate that excess Cr accumulated in rice plants under Cr stress is bound to undissolved or low‐bioavailable compounds, such as undissolved phosphate and oxalate, being beneficial for rice plants to alleviate Cr toxicity. In addition, under the highest Cr level (100 μM), Dan K5 had a higher percentage of Cr in the chemical forms extracted by 2% HAc, 0.6 M HCl, and in residues compared to Xiushui 113 in both stems and leaves, indicating that more Cr ions in shoots of Dan K5 were bound to undissolved or low‐bioavailable compounds, in comparison with those of Xiushui 113. It is evident that the low bioavailability of Cr in the shoots of Dan K5 is related to a high Cr accumulation.     

超声波处理稻种对其生根发芽的影响

采用一套带搅拌器的小型超声波处理种子装置,以优良水稻种子为研究对象,研究了超声波处理对水稻种子发芽率和幼苗根系的影响作用.研究结果表明,超声波处理水稻种子可以提高发芽势和发芽率、促进芽和根的生长;频率为25kHz,处理时间为20min的效果较好.2010年,两户稻农对龙阳16进行小范围对比区试,种子经过超声波处理的秧苗整齐,根系发达,分别比参照组增产6.67%和8.54%.     

Encapsulation of the ethylene inhibitor 1-Methylcyclopropene by cucurbit[6]uril

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is an excellent safe and commercially available ethylene antagonist for the preservation of horticultural products. However 1-MCP has to be stored in absorbents due to its gaseous and unstable characteristics. In this paper cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) was used as the absorbent to encapsulate 1-MCP, and the resultant inclusion complex was characterized by IR, powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and fluorescent spectra. The effects of encapsulation conditions on the formation of inclusion complex were also investigated. The amount of 1-MCP encapsulated by CB[6] was about 4.5% by weight when the initial concentration of 1-MCP, encapsulation temperature, CB[6] concentration, and encapsulation time were set at 75 mL/L, 20 °C, 30 mM, and 8 h, respectively. Furthermore, the release of 1-MCP from the complex can be realized with different solutions such as sodium bicarbonate, benzoic acid, and distilled water. CB[6] can be used as an excellent absorbent for encapsulation of 1-MCP.     

基于能值分析的武安市农业生态安全预警（英）

农业生态系统是人类所控制和管理的自然-人工复合生态经济系统。农业生态系统的变化预测对区域农业生态安全和控制农业系统退化起着重要的作用。基于农业生态系统的能值分析,预测区域生态安全能够为农业生态安全提供借鉴和预警,从而可以尽早提出警报,采取措施有效地抑制、减轻、控制和规范农业生态系统的恶化,最终使农业生态系统可持续发展。本文分析了河北省武安市1997年至2008年的农业生态系统内的能量输入输出,采用灰色预测系统模型,建立了河北省武安市农田的预警系统,为农田的正确使用提供借鉴。结果表明河北省武安市农业的发展仍然依赖于非再生资源的输入和高排放的环境压力,从而使武安市农田系统处于不可持续状态。它从1997年的安全降低到2008年的预警,而且在2015年,2020年仍将处于预警的农业生态安全。此外,各区域的农业生态安全存在明显的差异。基于此,本文提出了可持续的农业发展对策,为土地使用的可持续发展提供借鉴。     

玉米根茬铲切刀具的滑切刃曲线优化设计

为获得具有优良切割性能的刀具刃口曲线,采用理论建模和铲切试验相结合的方法,研究了玉米根茬铲切的过程.通过建立玉米根茬切割过程的动力学模型及能耗模型,揭示了最优滑切角与物料摩擦角之间的函数关系;根据玉米根体的结构特征将其划分为5区段,并由各区段物料的摩擦系数获取相应理论最优滑切角;根据切割刃与根茬切割位置的对应关系,设计出具有多级滑切角的刃口形式,并与具有固定滑切角的刃口实施了对比铲切试验.试验表明:多级滑切刃刀具的铲切性能最佳,铲切功耗为14.2 J.     

纳米蒙脱石抑菌性能研究

本文采用快速分散、研磨、高速离心的方法对高纯蒙脱石进行分级,研究普通蒙脱石和纳米蒙脱石抑制黄曲霉菌的效果。结果表明:蒙脱石在水中分散后,逐步由悬浮液转变为凝胶体,当中位径为3.9μm时,抑菌效果较差;中位径为0.92μm时,抑菌效果明显提高;中位径为0.26μm时,抑菌效果最好。     

矩阵可对角化的充要条件及其相似变换矩阵的构造

本文证明了Ｎ阶矩阵与对角形矩阵相似的两个充要条件，并提供了一种构造可对角化矩阵的相似变换矩阵的简易方法。     

广东白肋烟新病害—黑腐病病原细菌的鉴定

在广东省乳源县白肋烟植株叶片中发现一种国内外尚未报道的新病害－黑腐病，病原细菌的主要细菌性状和寄主范围试验结果表明，此病病原细菌是甘兰黑腐病黄单胞菌萝卜致病变种。