西双版纳西南桦、山桂花人工林水源涵养效能研究

利用蘸水法分析了在西双版纳普文山地营造的西南桦、山桂花人工纯林的乔、灌、草、枯落物等 4个层次的最大持水能力 ,以及测定了这两种人工林土壤的蓄水能力 ,得出西南桦全林最大持水量为 6 2 93mm ,山桂花林为 6 7 94mm。于此对西双版纳种植的西南桦、山桂花人工林在水源涵养功能和作用上有所了解。     

白龙江林区云杉病虫害调查及防治措施

对白龙江林区云杉人工示范林进行病虫害监测调查,结果表明：每hm2云杉人工示范林样地内有3种常见的有害生物危害,即云杉落针病、云杉叶锈病和杉针黄叶甲,感病指数分布为3级、1级和3级。通过化学和烟剂防治手段,病虫害蔓延得到有效控制,为白龙江林区森林提供相关技术参考。     

Comparison of various extraction methods for policosanol from rice bran wax and establishment of chromatographic fingerprint of policosanol

A capillary gas chromatographic (GC) method has been developed for the separation and determination of policosanol components extracted from rice bran wax. A Varian CP-sil 8 CB column was employed, and an oven temperature was programmed. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the composition of policosanol. Quantitative analysis was carried out by means of hydrogen flame ionization detector (FID) with dinonyl phthalate (DNP) as internal standard. The results indicated that the extract obtained by dry saponification has the highest contents of octacosanol and triacontanol among extracts by all used extraction methods including dry saponification, saponification in alcohol, saponification in water (neutralized and non-neutralized), and transesterification. Meanwhile, the GC-MS fingerprint of policosanol extracted by dry saponification has been established. Euclidean distance similarity calculation showed remarkable consistency of compositions and contents among 12 batches of policosanol from a rice bran wax variety. This protocol provided a rapid and feasible method for quality control of policosanol products.     

Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation and oxidative burst in polymorphonuclear neutrophils by caffeic acid and hispidin derivatives isolated from sword brake fern (Pteris ensiformis Burm.)

Several antioxidant compounds have been previously identified from sword brake fern (Pteris ensiformis Burm.) by DPPH bleaching and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) analyses. Among the isolates, 7-O-caffeoylhydroxymaltol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and hispidin 4-O-beta- D-glucopyranoside [6-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside-2-pyrone] were two new compounds. The aim of this study is to elucidate the possible effect of the aqueous extract of sword brake fern (SBF) and these two compounds in preventing atherosclerosis. The results demonstrated that SBF and these two compounds strongly inhibited Cu2+-mediated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay (TBARS), conjugated diene production, and relative electrophoretic mobility. The commercial antioxidant dl-alpha-tocopherol showed lower antioxidant activity than these two compounds at the same molecular concentration. SBF and these two compounds also suppressed N-formylmethionyl-leucylphenylalanine (fMLP)-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). These findings indicate that sword brake fern may prevent atherosclerosis via inhibition of both LDL oxidation and ROS production.     

Screening of Feather Degrading Bacteria and Optimization of Fer-mentation Conditions from Poultry

The purpose of this experiment was to isolate and screen the microorganisms from the soil where chicken feathers were piled for a long time and identify them biologically. Single-factor test and response surface methodology (RSM) analyses were used to explore the optimum conditions for the growth and fermentation of a strain. Screening of bacterial strains from the soil where feathers were piled for a long time was performed, and 12 keratinolytic bacterial strains were isolated. One of these isolates, CH-7, was found to be the most effective feather-degrading strain, which was identified as Lactococcus lactis KU568489.1. The growth situation of feather keratin degrading bacterium analysis results showed that the best degradation effect of CH-7 was found in oxygen, inoculation 5％, initial pH=6.5, fermentation temperature 30℃, speed 220 r ? min-1 and fermentation time 36 h, and CH-7 had the highest degradation rate of feather keratin. The optimization analysis of RSM showed that there was more significances of the three factors, 32℃, pH 6.3 and amount of inoculum at 5.7％ on the degradation of feather keratin. Based on the above results, the feather degrading bacterium, Lactococcus lactis CH-7, was obtained by screening, 30℃ and pH 5.5-6.5 were the best growth conditions. The oxygen, the amount of inoculum 5.7％, the fermentation temperature, 32℃, pH 6.3 and the rotational speed 220 r ? min-1 were the best fermentation conditions. Under these conditions, 38.48％ degradation rate was obtained after 36 h fermentation, which demonstrated the strain CH-7 was potential to the fermented feather meal for feed.     

菠萝叶纤维与其它植物纤维的吸湿性能对比测试及分析

利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射等测试方法对菠萝叶纤维、亚麻纤维、苎麻纤维和棉花纤维的微观形态结构进行了分析。分析认为:菠萝叶纤维的形态结构有区别于其它三种植物纤维,有较大的比表面积;菠萝叶纤维的结晶度与亚麻纤维和苎麻纤维接近,高于棉花纤维。在热带标准状态下,采用烘箱干燥法和回归模型分析法,对测试的四种进行了吸湿、放湿测试与分析。结果表明:在吸湿性能方面,菠萝叶纤维表现最佳,棉花纤维最差;在纤维吸湿平衡回潮率和吸湿速率方面,菠萝叶纤维与亚麻纤维和苎麻纤维相近,且高于棉花纤维;在纤维放湿平衡回潮率和放湿速率方面,菠萝叶纤维高于亚麻纤维、苎麻纤维和棉花纤维。     

收割强度对粉绿狐尾藻生长和水质的影响

研究5种收割强度对粉绿狐尾藻生长和水质的影响,为沉水植物调控管理提供参考。设不收割组作为对照组,收割组收割强度分别为株高的15%、30%、45%、60%和75%。将收割的植物称量干重和鲜重,统计株高、分枝数,测定新生枝条的恢复长度。每次收割前1 d对所有处理组的水样进行水质测定。结果表明:(1)收割对粉绿狐尾藻枝条生长恢复和株高影响显著(P<0.01)。对照组最终株高最高,达到187.0 cm,并在水面形成冠层。第1次收割后20 d,低强度(15%和30%)收割组恢复或超过收割前水平,中强度(45%)收割组枝条全部恢复,但高强度(60%和75%)收割组的恢复率明显低于低、中强度收割组,恢复率分别为80.68%和62.00%。第2次收割后20 d,15%和30%收割组的粉绿狐尾藻全部恢复,45%收割组的恢复率为91.44%,高强度收割组的恢复率明显降低,恢复率分别为76.09%和42.22%,至实验结束时高强度收割组都未恢复。随着收割频次的增加,枝条恢复的时间延长。(2)收割减少了粉绿狐尾藻分枝数。对照组分枝数最高,达到6.9枝/株,15%~75%收割组分别为4.3、4.0、3.6、2.2和1.8枝/株。(3)收割显著降低了粉绿狐尾藻的生物量(P<0.01)。15%~75%收割组的生物量分别下降为对照组的10.11%、3.23%、2.47%、2.29%和0.80%。(4)粉绿狐尾藻收割对水质影响显著。收割后,水体中总氮、总磷浓度降低,且收割强度与收割次数对氮磷浓度影响显著(P<0.01)。与第1次收割相比,第2次收割后,15%收割组总氮、总磷浓度分别较前次下降13.63%和24.82%,30%收割组下降12.90%和22.87%,45%收割组下降8.24%和25.04%,高强度(60%和75%)收割组下降6.66%和34.91、9.64%和17.64%。收割强度会对水体中悬浮颗粒物(SS)和叶绿素(Chl-a)有影响,高强度收割使得水体中的SS和Chl-a含量明显升高。收割对控制粉绿狐尾藻生长效果明显,结合水质指标,以低强度收割2~3次为宜。     

Recent developments and improvements in ornamental fish packaging systems for air transport

Current ornamental fish packaging systems are characterized by very high fish loading densities and high metabolic wastes in the transport water after shipment. They focus mainly on management of the quality of transport water. Recent studies using the guppy as a model fish showed that post‐shipment mortality could be reduced through enhancement of the stress resistance of the fish, and hence emphases should also be placed on the preparation of the fish for transport and recovery of the fish after shipment. Farmers can contribute significantly by applying nutritional prophylaxis before harvesting. Exporters may use the salinity stress test to identify fish lots of good quality for transport, apply health prophylaxis to eradicate parasites and optimize other techniques such as starvation of the fish or addition of salt to the transport water to enhance the stress resistance of the fish. Importers may adopt proper acclimation procedure and allow fish to recover in low salinity water to reduce post‐shipment mortality. As the main bulk of post‐shipment mortality is stress‐mediated and occurs during the 1‐week recovery period, the industry should consider revising the basis of the current warranty system for their customers, from death on arrival to cumulative mortality at 7 days post shipment (or death after 7 days, DA7), in order to cut down fish losses after shipment.     

隧道冻结室中多用途冻鱼车的设计及测试分析

在我国大、中型水产冷藏库中，一般都采用上吹风或下吹风式隧道吹风冻结装置，适用于大批量的冻结15-20公斤裸冻鱼块。但由于近年来海洋渔业资源的变化，经济海水鱼产量比例逐年下降?各地又新建了许多小型水产冷藏库，对捕获的虾、蟹、小杂鱼等水产品都实行小包装冻结加工方式，不但市销很受欢迎,