成品糠醛微量水分测定方法的研究

本文报道了用气相色谱法和卡尔、费休法测定成品糠醛微量水分的研究。着重论述了两种方法的准确度和精密度,并用甲苯蒸馏法作了对照。研究结果证明:这两种方法的准确度和精密度均较高,用于测定糠醛微量水分是可行的。测定优级品糠醛水分范围的结果都比甲苯蒸馏法为高,测定一级品糠醛水分范围的结果都比甲苯蒸馏法为低的偏差规律。     

High-resolution fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings of a pituitary microtumor in a dog

A 16-year-old, castrated, male English cocker spaniel dog was presented due to generalized alopecia. Routine clinical pathology, endocrine and abdominal ultrasonography results were consistent with a diagnosis of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The adenohypophyseal lesion was clearly visualized on both 3 T and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland. Although biochemical and MRI findings were consistent with a functional pituitary microtumor, a pituitary lesion was not detected using ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). This report firstly describes the application of high-resolution FDG-PET to a spontaneous pituitary microtumor in a dog.     

Melatonin Supplementation During In Vitro Maturation and Development Supports the Development of Porcine Embryos

Melatonin has been reported to improve the in vitro development of embryos in some species. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of melatonin supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) and development culture on the development and quality of porcine embryos. In the first experiment, when the in vitro fertilized embryos were cultured with different concentrations of melatonin (0, 10, 25 and 50 ng/ml) for 8 days, the blastocyst formation rate of embryos cultured with 25 ng/ml melatonin (10.7%) was significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared to the control embryos cultured without melatonin (4.2%). The proportion of DNA‐fragmented nuclei in blastocysts derived from embryos cultured with 50 ng/ml melatonin was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of embryos cultured without melatonin (2.1% vs 7.2%). In the second experiment, when oocytes were cultured in the maturation medium supplemented with different concentrations of melatonin (0, 10, 25 and 50 ng/ml), fertilized and then cultured with 25 ng/ml melatonin for 8 days, there were no significant differences in the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation among the groups. However, the proportions (2.7–5.4%) of DNA‐fragmented nuclei in blastocysts derived from oocytes matured with melatonin were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared to those (8.9%) from oocytes matured without melatonin, irrespective of the concentration of melatonin. Our results suggest that supplementation of the culture media with melatonin (25 ng/ml) during IVM and development has beneficial effects on the developmental competence and quality of porcine embryos.     

Induction of glucokinase mRNA by dietary phenolic compounds in rat liver cells in vitro

Diabetes and its complications, including oxidative stress, are major reasons for medical intervention and one of the most frequent causes of death in developed countries. Several lines of data suggest that the use of certain dietary polyphenolic compounds may alter glucose metabolism, thus decreasing the risk for type 2 diabetes. In this paper, we present the effect of phenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic, rosmarinic, and ferulic) and extracts from Smallanthus sonchifolius and Prunella vulgaris on glucose production in rat hepatocytes and on glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase mRNA expression in rat hepatoma Fao cells. The phenolics at 500 microM and after 1 h incubation lowered glucose production via both gluconeogenesis (10 mM alanine or dihydroxyacetone as precursors) and glycogenolysis compared with metformin. Most of the phenolics increased the level of glucokinase mRNA after 24 h in the same way as insulin (10(-7) M).     

Trends in overweight by socio-economic status in Vietnam: 1992 to 2002

OBJECTIVE: To explore socio-economic factors associated with rising rates of overweight among Vietnamese adults. DESIGN: The study was based on three national surveys of socio-economic factors and health conducted over a 10-year period. The studies were: the Vietnamese Living Standard Survey 1992-1993 (11 982 participants); the Vietnamese Living Standard Survey 1997-1998 (15 975 participants); and the Vietnamese National Health Survey 2001-2002 (94 656 participants). SUBJECTS: Male and female adults >18 years old were stratified by gender, age group, area of residence, occupation, education and relative food expenditures. Overweight was defined using body mass index (BMI) > or = 25 kg m(-2). RESULTS: Overweight rates in Vietnam more than doubled between 1992 and 2002 (from 2.0 to 5.7%). Significant increases were observed for men and women, in urban and rural areas, and for all age groups. In univariate analyses, both age and higher socio-economic status were associated with higher rates of overweight. Using the most recent survey, urban populations were more likely to be overweight than rural ones (odds ratio (OR) = 1.79), white-collar workers were more likely to be overweight than manual labourers (OR = 1.95) and persons in the top level of food expenditures were more likely to be overweight than persons in the bottom level (OR = 4.96) after adjustment for other factors. Education was inversely associated with overweight after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSION: Economic growth and improved standard of living are associated with higher rates of overweight in nations in early stages of economic development. In Vietnam, higher rates of overweight were observed among the higher income and occupation groups.     

Effects of crushed conspecifics on growth and survival of Penaeus monodon Fabricius post larvae

In the present study, the hypothesis tested was that Penaeus monodon post‐larvae (PL) experience lower growth when exposed to crushed conspecifics, which was achieved by exposing individual P. monodon PL with abundant food for 4 weeks to a gradient from 0 to 100 crushed conspecific PL L^?1. Both dry weight (48.5±7.2 mg) and body size (28.0±1.3 mm) of animals exposed to 1 macerated PL L^?1 were significantly (P≤0.011) higher than those of animals in treatments with 0, 5 and 10 crushed PL L^?1 (average over treatments: 25.6±3.2 mg; 23.4±0.5 mm). All animals died within 1 week when exposed to 70 and 100 crushed PL L^?1, and within 3–4 weeks when exposed to 50 and 30 crushed PL L^?1. Exposure time affected mortality and it appeared that LC₅₀ values decreased from 60 to 13 crushed PL L^?1 from 1 to 4 weeks' exposure. Survival of P. monodon PL was negatively correlated to pH, biological oxygen demand, ammonia and nitrate. In conclusion, low dose of crushed conspecifics has a stimulatory effect on P. monodon PL, as larvae were heavier and larger, while high doses cause high mortality.     

Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease viruses in Vietnam

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry in Southeast Asia. In the present study, 12 field isolates of NDV were recovered from dead village chickens in Vietnam between 2007 and 2012, and were characterized. All the field isolates were classified as velogenic. Based on the sequence analysis of the F variable region, two distinct genetic groups (Vietnam genetic groups G1 and G2) were recognized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the 12 field isolates fell into the class II genotype VII cluster. Ten of the field isolates, classified as Vietnam genetic group G1, were closely related to VIIh viruses that had been isolated from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Cambodia since the mid-2000s, while the other two field isolates, of Vietnam genetic group G2, clustered with VIId viruses, which were predominantly circulating in China and Far East Asia. Our results indicate that genotype VII viruses, especially VIIh viruses, are predominantly responsible for the recent epizootic of the disease in Vietnam.     

Fire performance of carbonized medium density fiberboard manufactured at different temperatures

Authors established a new manufacturing technology for crack-free carbonized boards by pressing and carbonizing the medium-density fiberboard. Industrialization of new functional carbon materials was performed by investigating the fundamental properties of the carbonized boards. To be used as a construction material, the carbonized board needs to satisfy the fire performance regulation. In this study, the carbonized boards were manufactured from medium-density fiberboard (c-MDF) at different temperatures and then fire performance including flame retardancy and smoke toxicity was analyzed using a cone calorimeter and noxious gas analyzer. The results show that as the carbonization temperature increases, weight loss ratio decreases and flame retardancy increases. In the c-MDF at 800 and 1000 °C, no external damage was observed after combustion. These c-MDFs satisfy the total heat release (standard below 8 MJ/m²) and heat release rate (standard below 200 kW/m²) regulations according to the Building Standard Law of Korea and Japan. In addition, the c-MDFs showed the lower total smoke release (TSR, 0.213 m²/m²) than that of virgin MDF (94.281 m²/m²). The c-MDF at 800 and 1000 °C were, therefore, classified as a class III flame retardancy material and can be used as indoor finishing material.     

Temperature-dependent development and survival of Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): implications for mass rearing and biological control

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), is a generalist predator that can control >75 insect pests in various agroecosystems. Despite valuable results from the previous studies, thermal development and survival of P. maculiventris over a wide range of temperatures had not been elucidated completely. This study was conducted to investigate the stage-specific development and survival of P. maculiventris at eight constant temperatures (13.2, 18.4, 21.7, 23.7, 27.2, 32.7, 35.2, and 40.6 °C) covering the entire thermal range for P. maculiventris development. Completion of egg development was observed at 13.2–32.7 °C, whereas nymphs successfully developed into adults at 18.4–32.7 °C. Survival model using log-normal equations showed bell-shape patterns for all stages, and temperatures resulting in highest survival of P. maculiventris were 19.9, 24.3, and 24.5 °C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. Developmental rates at the eight temperatures were fitted with a nonlinear Briere model, which estimated optimal temperatures for development as 31.2, 30.6, and 30.6 °C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. Operative thermal ranges (i.e., in-between the lower and upper developmental thresholds) were estimated to be 8.9–35.2, 12.8–35.2, and 12.7–35.2 °C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. In a linear model, the lower thresholds were 10.9, 13.1, and 13.0 °C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. Findings herein provide comprehensive data and explanations on optimal temperature and thermal requirement for P. maculiventris, which can be used to optimize environmental condition in mass rearing and predicting phenology of P. maculiventris in the field.     

Comparison of larval performance between Thai and Vietnamese freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man): a preliminary study

This study compared the performance of larvae of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) from Thailand and Vietnam. Thai broods were collected from a farm and Vietnamese broods were collected from a river. Larvae from these two sources were raised in identical environments, and their rates of development and survival as well as their ability to withstand environmental stresses were assessed. The first postlarval stage was observed in both strains on day 22. All larvae (100%) from Thai broods completed metamorphosis by day 36, but only 89% of the Vietnam strain completed metamorphosis by day 45. The stages of development were more uniform in larvae from the Thai stock than the Vietnamese stock. Survival differences were observed within the first week (92% in the Thai group vs. 55% in the Vietnamese group). These differences were most pronounced beginning in week 5 (52% and 16% respectively) and week 7 (33% and 2% respectively). No clear difference was found in brood size and fecundity between the two groups. No difference in survival was observed between the two groups of larvae challenged with salinity, oxygen or formalin. Differential development rates of larvae in the same batch would naturally create conditions favourable for cannibalism and impaired ability to capture food. The earlier and more uniform rate of development, and subsequent higher rate of survival of Thai stock compared with the Vietnamese wild stock is suggested to be due to inadvertent selection in the domesticated stock.