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31.
Kiyoshi Sato Yoshiyuki Taniyama Ayami Yoshida Kazuhiko Toyomasu Noriko Ryuda Daisuke Ueno 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):234-242
Multiple outbreaks of food poisoning associated with fresh vegetable consumptions have occurred in many countries. Numerous reports have described human pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp., that can internalize into fresh vegetables via root or leaf surfaces. While attempting to obtain the threshold concentration of internalization of E. coli inoculated into hydroponic medium during vegetable cultivation, we observed a rapid decrease in E. coli numbers. In the present study, we determined that the rapid decline in E. coli was not due to a physiological change into a viable but non-culturable (VNC) state. The population crash was instead caused by true bacterial death, as the rapid descent was also confirmed by micro-colony fluorescence in situ hybridization, a culture-independent method that can detect VNC cells. We next monitored the number of E. coli inoculated into intact or filter-sterilized hydroponic medium after cultivation of various types of plants. We found that the number of E. coli in intact hydroponic medium decreased markedly, whereas the level in filter-sterilized hydroponic medium was completely unchanged. This result suggests that biotic factors were present that could be eliminated by filtering. Robust predation of E. coli by protozoa (ciliates and flagellates) was observed using fluorescently labeled bacteria incorporated into the hydroponic medium. Finally, morphological identification of flagellates by scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of a species of Stramenopiles. These findings suggest the importance of protozoa as bacterial feeders in hydroponic systems and hence the use of these organisms as potential control agents of human pathogenic bacteria. 相似文献
32.
The hyphal sheath is a morphological feature of many kinds of fungi. Although the fine structures of the sheath have been
studied in detail by a number of electron microscopy techniques, the function and physiology of the hyphal sheath are not
yet clarified. One reason for this is that the hyphal sheath is a colorless, mucilaginous, and delicate material so that it
is not easily identified. We developed a simple method to visualize and identify the hyphal sheath of the white-rot fungus
Phanerochaete crassa WD1694. The small mycelial pellets in shaken liquid cultures of P. crassa WD1694 were stained directly with phloxine B. Both the hyphae and the hyphal sheath that filled the gaps between each of
the hyphae were visualized and observed by light microscopy. The stained hyphae were further studied by transmission electron
microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and fl uorescence microscopy. Based on these observations, we confirmed that the staining
of the hyphae was also due to the presence of the hyphal sheath that closely covered the fungal cell wall. These results clearly
showed that the hyphal sheath was selectively stained with phloxine B and could be observed and identified by conventional
light microscopy.
Part of this report was presented at the 50th Lignin Symposium, Nagoya, October 2005 相似文献
33.
Nobuyoshi Mikami Noriko Wakabayashi Hirohiko Yamada Junshi Miyamoto 《Pest management science》1984,15(6):531-542
The metabolism of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, a common plant metabolite of deltamethrin, cypermethrin and fenvalerate, has been studied in abscised leaves of cabbage, cotton, cucumber, kidney bean and tomato plants. The [14C]-acid was readily converted into more polar conjugates by esterification with glucose, 6-O-malonylglucose, gentiobiose, cellobiose, glucosylxylose and two types of triglucose with different isomerism. Other metabolites identified were the glucosyl ether of 3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid, and a 3-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid derivative with a total of two molar equivalents of glucose linked to the carboxyl and phenolic -OH groups. The conjugation pathways were somewhat plant-specific. The glucosylxylose ester was found only in cotton, and the cellobiose and triglucose esters were found only in tomato. All of the conjugates except the glucose and glucosylxylose esters were plant metabolites that had not been identified previously. Furthermore, this is the first report to show the presence of cellobiose and triglucose conjugates in plants. However, neither of the acetyl derivatives of the [14C]-triglucoside was identical with the synthetic deca-acetyl derivative of [1→6]-triglucoside. 相似文献
34.
ISAO TAKAHASHI KENSAKU AZUMA SHINJI FUJITA IZUMI KINOSHITA HIROYUKI HIRAGA 《Fisheries Science》2003,69(3):438-444
ABSTRACT: Larval and juvenile ayu from seven year-groups (1986, 1987, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1999 and 2000) were collected in the Shimanto Estuary and adjacent coastal waters. The present study focuses on the variation among year-groups in the hatching period estimated by age determination using the otolith. The hatching period of the dominant cohorts in the 1986, 1987 and 1992 year-groups occurred from late October to mid-November. A delay of the hatching period of the dominant cohort was observed from the 1995 year-group, which occurred in late November to early December, and the dominant periods in the 1996, 1999 and 2000 year-groups were observed from early to late December. It appears that the delay of the hatching period of dominant cohorts was not due to a delay of spawning, but a high mortality of early hatched larvae. The water temperature in autumn in the coastal waters adjacent to the Shimanto River has tended to rise over the past 20 years and this trend was especially notable in the late 1990s. The delay in the hatching period of the dominant cohort observed from the 1995 year-group was likely to be related to the rise in seawater temperatures in autumn. 相似文献
35.
Noriko Tamura 《Journal of Forest Research》2001,6(3):187-190
Walnuts,Juglans ailantifolia Carriere, are large and the shell is difficult to open. Thus, seed predators in Japan are restricted mainly to the Japanese
squirrel (Sciurus lis Temminck) and the wood mouse (Apodemus speciosus Temminck), which can shave away the hard shells with their sharp incisors. Previous work indicated that the squirrels are
not only predators, but also disperse walnuts. In this study, 95 walnuts in Period1 (September 1996–February 1997) and 80
walnuts in Period 2 (September 1999–February 2000) each attached to a miniature radio transmitter, were placed in a feeding
box, and 93 and 53 of them were transported by free-living wood mice in the respective periods. Most of the walnuts provided
from September to November were scatter-hoarded in the litter layer, while from December to February, the mice fed immediately
and seldom scatter-hoarded on the ground surface. In all, 66 walnuts were hoarded and 80 were eaten soon after discovery,
although walnuts were eaten more frequently in Period 1 than in Period 2, which may be related to annual differences in seed
crop size in the study site. The mean transport distance of hoarded seeds was 6.2 ± 5.0 m (mean ± SD,n=66). The fate of hoarded walnuts was followed from September 1996 to May 1997; 21 (75%) of the scatter-hoarded walnuts were
recovered, but 7 (25%) were left uneaten. Consequently, the Japanese wood mouse also plays a role in seed-dispersion of the
walnut, but the transport distance for mice was shorter than that for squirrels. 相似文献
36.
Ito N Suzuki K Koie H Tsumagari S Kanayama K Miyahara M Asano R 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(2):183-185
To determine the duration of water movement from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into venous blood by the infusion of 7.2% hypertonic saline solution (HSS), the sodium gradient between venous blood and CSF were examined. Venous sodium concentrations remained higher than that in CSF for duration of 60 min following HSS infusion. By 90 min, the CSF sodium concentration reached the equilibrium with venous sodium concentration. Those data suggests that the duration of time during which water moved from CSF into capillaries in brain by the gradient of sodium concentration was less than 90 min. 相似文献
37.
Yuki M Sugimoto N Takahashi K Otsuka H Nishii N Suzuki K Yamagami T Ito H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(4):397-399
A 9-year-old female Pug was presented to us with chronic diarrhea. Hematologic findings indicated severe hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia, and endoscopy revealed severe edema of the duodenal mucosa. Based on these results and on additional histopathological findings, we made a diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy caused by lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis with lymphangiectasia. The dog was initially treated with prednisolone and cyclosporine. This treatment regimen was not effective. However, when methotrexate was substituted for cyclosporine, progress was obtained and the diagnosis was confirmed. 相似文献
38.
Shimada N Murata H Mikami O Yoshioka M Guruge KS Yamanaka N Nakajima Y Miyazaki S 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(10):1113-1115
Genetically modified corn Bt11 is insect-resistant and expresses Cry1Ab toxin, an insecticidal protein, in kernels. Although Bt11 corn is considered safe based on animal performance, there are no reports available on the clinico-biochemical effects of feeding it to cattle. In this study, we evaluated the effects of feeding Bt11 to calves, using blood and ruminal clinico-biochemical parameters. Our three-month-long feeding experiment demonstrated that calves (n=6), fed with a ration containing 43.3% of Bt11 corn kernels as dry matter, did not develop any discernible clinical, hematological, biochemical, or ruminal abnormalities as compared with control calves (n=6) fed non-Bt11 corn. The results suggest that the transgenic Bt11 has no negative clinico-biochemical effects on calves. 相似文献
39.
Economic contribution of participatory agroforestry program to poverty alleviation: a case from Sal forests, Bangladesh 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In the Forest Department of Bangladesh, a Participatory Agroforestry Program (PAP) was initiated at a denuded Sal forests area to protect the forest resources and to alleviate poverty amongst the local poor population. We explored whether the PAP reduced poverty and what factors might be responsible for poverty alleviation. We used three poverty measurement methods: the Head Count Index, the Poverty Gap Index and the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index to determine the extent poverty reduction. We used a linear regression model to determine the possible differences among factors in poverty reduction. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires and face to face interviews within the study area. PAP proved effective at poverty alleviation, considerably improving the local situation. The linear regression model showed that PAP output explained the income differences in poverty reduction. Participants identified bureaucracy and illegal money demands by forest department officials, an uncontrolled market system, and underdeveloped road infrastructure as the main obstacles to reduction of poverty. Overall, PAP is quite successful in alleviating poverty. So this program might be ofinterest at other degraded forest areas as a tool to alleviate poverty. 相似文献
40.
The Otton frog, Babina subaspera, is an endangered forest frog species with unusual morphological and ecological features compared with other frogs. Eight microsatellite markers were isolated from B. subaspera and characterized with 24 individuals from Amami Islands, Kagoshima prefecture, Japan. The number of alleles observed for each locus ranged from 9 to 19 (average 13.9). The observed heterozygosity (H O) and the expected heterozygosity (H E) ranged from 0.71 to 0.92 and 0.83 to 0.92, respectively. These microsatellites will be useful for future genetic studies of B. subaspera, which will be essential in the conservation of this species. 相似文献