The structure of iron in Earth's inner core

Earth's solid inner core is mainly composed of iron (Fe). Because the relevant ultrahigh pressure and temperature conditions are difficult to produce experimentally, the preferred crystal structure of Fe at the inner core remains uncertain. Static compression experiments showed that the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure of Fe is stable up to 377 gigapascals and 5700 kelvin, corresponding to inner core conditions. The observed weak temperature dependence of the c/a axial ratio suggests that hcp Fe is elastically anisotropic at core temperatures. Preferred orientation of the hcp phase may explain previously observed inner core seismic anisotropy.     

Influences of Northern Leaf Blight on corn silage fermentation quality,nutritive value and feed intake by sheep

This study examined the differences between non‐inoculated (control) corn and Northern Leaf Blight (NLB)‐damaged corn (inoculated corn); dry matter (DM) yield, silage fermentation quality, nutritive value and feed intake by sheep were compared. Leaf, stem and grain dry weights and gross yield of inoculated corn were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased compared with control corn. The contents of water‐soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) were decreased in inoculated corn compared with control corn. Silage made from both inoculated and control corn showed good fermentation quality. The digestibility of DM, organic matter, ether extract, NFE, and energy of silage made from inoculated corn were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, and contents of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible energy (DE) were also significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with silage made from the control corn. DM intake showed no significant discrepancy between the two types of silage. TDN and DE intakes from inoculated silage were significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with control silage. From the above results it was shown that NLB caused a decrease in DM yield and NFE content in corn and a decrease in the nutritive value and feed intake of silage.     

Unstable side population phenotype of mouse spermatogonial stem cells in vitro

Stem cells of the side population (SP) phenotype are found in many self-renewing tissues and can be identified by their unique ability to effectively exclude the dye Hoechst 33342. We previously established a method for expanding spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in vitro, but the frequency of SSCs is only about 1 to 2%, limiting detailed SSC analyses. In this study, we sought to isolate SSCs from in vitro cultures by exploiting their ability to exclude Hoechst 33342. In contrast to the findings of previous in vivo studies, we found that SP cells developed in a stochastic manner in vitro. Moreover, SP cells in culture were not enriched in SSCs, but they were interconvertible with non-SP cells. Although SP cells were consistently found in testes after transplantation of cultured cells, they were not enriched in SSCs. These results show that SSCs have an unstable SP phenotype and provide evidence that SSCs change their phenotype characteristics in response to their microenvironment.     

Immunohistochemical and histomorphometric evaluation of vascular distribution in intact canine cranial cruciate ligament

Objectives: To (1) describe vascular distribution in the grossly intact canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) using immunohistochemical techniques specific to 2 components of blood vessels (factor VIII for endothelial cells, laminin for basement membrane); and (2) compare the vascularity in different areas of interest (craniomedial versus caudolateral bands; core versus epiligamentous regions; and proximal versus middle versus distal portions) in the intact normal canine CCL. Study Design: In vitro study. Animals: Large, mature dogs (n=7) of breeds prone to CCL disease that were euthanatized for nonorthopedic conditions. Methods: Intact CCL were collected from fresh canine cadavers free from stifle pathology. CCL tissue was processed for immunohistochemistry and stained for factor VIII and laminin. Vascular density was determined by histomorphometric analysis. Results: Specific vascular staining was sparsely identified throughout the CCL; however, the proximal portion of the CCL appears to have a greater number of vessels than the middle or distal portion of the ligament. Conclusions: The CCL is a hypovascular tissue and its vascular distribution is not homogeneous.     

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on growth performance,plasma metabolites and hormones,and rumen fermentation in Holstein calves during pre‐ and post‐weaning periods

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) during the pre‐ and post‐weaning periods on growth, metabolic and hormonal responses, and rumen fermentation in calves. Three‐week‐old Holstein calves were assigned to either control (n = 12) or SC group (n = 12), the latter of which received 2 × 10⁹ cfu/day of SC. The experiment was conducted over a period of 7 weeks around weaning. Daily gain (DG) in the SC group was higher (p < .05) than that in the control group. In the SC group, plasma glucose, insulin, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations were higher (p < .05) and concentrations of glucagon and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) tended to be higher (p < .1) than in the control group. Proportion of rumen propionate and concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen at 10 weeks of age were greater (p < .05) in the SC group than that in the control group. Supplementation of SC around weaning may improve dietary nutrient and energy availability and increase plasma GH and IGF‐1 concentrations. These changes observed in SC‐supplemented calves could be closely related to the improvement of DG.     

Geographic distribution of Waxy gene SNPs and indels in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

To elucidate diversity and evolution of the Waxy gene in foxtail millet, Setaria italica, we analyzed sequence polymorphism of Waxy gene in 83 foxtail millet landraces collected from various regions covering the entire geographical distribution of this millet in Europe and Asia. We found a unique geographic distribution pattern at the sequence level of gene haplotypes and also found a large diversity in East Asian landraces. We also found a higher degree of genetic polymorphism in a non-waxy phenotype than in other low amylose types, supporting the hypothesis that low amylose types recently originated from non-waxy type.     

Biosafety assessment of transgenic poplars overexpressing xyloglucanase (AaXEG2) prior to field trials

We performed biosafety assessments of transgenic poplars prior to field trials. Constitutive expression of the Aspergillus aculeatus xyloglucanase in Populus alba increased the cellulose content and specific gravity of its stem, the leaves of which were visibly greener, thicker, and smaller than those of the wild-type plant. Although the young transgenic poplars grew faster than the wild type in a growth chamber, there was no distinguishable difference in growth between the poplars when they were placed in a special screened greenhouse. Allelopathic tests showed that the transgenic poplars do not produce harmful substances. Based on all the biosafety assessments and the scientific literature on poplar species, we came to the conclusion that transgenic poplars probably do not disturb the biological diversity of the surrounding environment, even when they are submitted to field trials.     

Effect of a single polymorphism in the Japanese quail NK‐lysin gene on antimicrobial activity

NK‐lysins are cationic peptides that play important roles in host protection, and are an important constituent of innate immunity. We identified nine single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NK‐lysin open reading frame (ORF) from 32 Japanese quails in six strains: A, B, ND, K, P, and Y. The G to A substitution at nucleotide position 272 in the ORF resulted in a Gly (G) to Asp (D) amino acid substitution (Cj31G and Cj31D alleles). The Cj31D allele was detected in P (frequency 0.76) and Y (frequency 0.03) strains. We compared the antimicrobial activities of four synthetic peptides from the helix 2‐loop‐helix 3 region of avian NK‐lysins against Escherichia coli: Cj31G and Cj31D from quail and Gg29N and Gg29D from chicken. The antimicrobial activities of the four peptides decreased in the following order: Gg29N > Cj31G > Gg29D > Cj31D (P < 0.05). Although there were no differences in the predicted secondary structure of the Cj31G and Cj31D, the net charge of the Cj31G was higher than that of Cj31D. These data indicated that the antimicrobial activity of CjNKL is influenced by net charge, similar to that which has been observed in chicken. © 2015 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory profile of catechins and theaflavins

To clarify the postprandial glucose suppression effect of flavonoids, the inhibitory effects of catechins and theaflavins against alpha-glucosidase (AGH) were examined in this study. It was initially demonstrated that theaflavins and catechins preferentially inhibited maltase rather than sucrase in an immobilized AGH inhibitory assay system. For the maltase inhibitory effects of theaflavins, the effects were observed in descending order of potency of theaflavin (TF)-3-O-gallate (Gal) > TF-3,3'-di-O-Gal > TF-3'-O-Gal > TF. This suggests that the AGH inhibition induced by theaflavins is closely associated with the presence of a free hydroxyl group at the 3'-position of TF as well as the esterification of TF with a mono-Gal group. In addition, the R-configuration at the 3'-position of TF-3-O-Gal showed a higher inhibitory activity than the S-configuration. As a result of a single oral administration of maltose (2 g/kg) in rats, a significant reduction in blood glucose level was observed at a dose of 10 mg/kg of TF-3-O-Gal, demonstrating for the first time that TF-3-O-Gal can suppress glucose production from maltose through inhibition of AGH in the gut.