Characteristics of greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddy fields in South Korea under climate change scenario RCP-8.5 using the DNDC model

Understanding the greenhouse gas(GHG)emission from rice paddy fields is essential to come up with appropriate countermeasure in response to global warming.However,GHG emissions from paddy fields in South Korea are not well characterized.The objectives of this study were to estimate the carbon dioxide(CO₂)and methane(CH₄)emissions from rice paddy fields in South Korea,under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5(RCP-8.5)climate change scenario using the DNDC(i.e.,DeNitrification-DeComposition)model at 1-km²resolution.The performance of the model was verified with field data collected using a closed chamber,which supports the application of the model to South Korea.Both the model predictions and field measurements showed that most(>95%)GHG emissions occur in the cropping period,between April and October.As a baseline(assuming no climate change),the national sums of the CO₂and CH₄emissions for the 2020 s and 2090 s were estimated to be 5.8×10⁶and 6.0×10⁶t CO₂-equivalents(CO₂-eq)year^-1for CO₂and 6.4×10⁶and 6.6×10⁶t CO₂-eq year^-1for CH₄,respectively,indicating no significant changes over 80 years.Under RCP-8.5,in the 2090 s,CH₄emissions were predicted to increase by 10.7×10⁶and 14.9×10⁶t CO₂-eq year^-1,for a 10-or 30-cm tillage depth,respectively.However,the CO₂emissions gradually decreased with rising temperatures,due to reduced root respiration.Deep tillage increased the emissions of both GHGs,with a more pronounced effect for CH₄than CO₂.Intermittent drainage in the middle of the cropping season can attenuate the CH₄emissions from paddy fields.The findings of this work will aid in developing nationwide policies on agricultural land management in the face of climate change.     

Detection of canine parvovirus in fecal samples using loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel, sensitive, and rapid technique for detection of genomic DNA. The end-product of the technique is a white precipitate of magnesium pyrophosphate that is visible without the use of gel electrophoresis. The LAMP method was applied to the detection of canine parvovirus (CPV) genomic DNA. A set of 4 primers, 2 outer and 2 inner, were designed from CPV genomic DNA targeting the VP2 gene. The optimal reaction time and temperature for LAMP were determined to be 60 minutes and 63 degrees C. On the basis of results for 50 canine fecal samples using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis as the gold standard, the relative sensitivity of LAMP was 100% and the relative specificity was 76.9%. The detection limit of the LAMP method was 10(-1) median tissue culture infective doses (TCID50)/ml, compared with 10 TCID50/ml for PCR analysis. In addition to the advantage resulting from visual detection of the end product, the LAMP method is very rapid, requiring only 1 hour to complete. This assay would be a viable alterative to PCR analysis for diagnosis of CPV infection in dogs. The LAMP method holds promise for use as a diagnostic assay for CPV detection in a clinical setting.     

Influences of dietary fatty acid profile on growth, body composition and blood chemistry in juvenile fat cod (Hexagrammos otakii Jordan et Starks)

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary lipid source and n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 HUFA) level on growth, body composition and blood chemistry of juvenile fat cod. Triplicate groups of fish (13.2 ± 0.54 g) were fed the diets containing different n‐3 HUFA levels (0–30 g kg^?1) adjusted by either lauric acid or different proportions of corn oil, linseed oil and squid liver oil at 100 g kg^?1 of total lipid level. Survival was not affected by dietary fatty acids composition. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed the diets containing squid liver oil were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those fed the diets containing lauric acid, corn oil or linseed oil as the sole lipid source. Weight gain, feed efficiency and PER of fish increased with increasing dietary n‐3 HUFA level up to 12–16 g kg^?1, but the values decreased in fish fed the diet containing 30 g kg^?1 n‐3 HUFA. The result of second‐order polynomial regression showed that the maximum weight gain and feed efficiency could be attained at 17 g kg^?1 n‐3 HUFA. Plasma protein, glucose and cholesterol contents were not affected by dietary fatty acids composition. However, plasma triglyceride content in fish fed the diet containing lauric acid as the sole lipid source was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of fish fed the other diets. Lipid content of fish fed the diets containing each of lauric acid or corn oil was lower than that of fish fed the diets containing linseed oil or squid liver oil only. Fatty acid composition of polar and neutral lipid fractions in the whole body of fat cod fed the diets containing various levels of n‐3 HUFA were reflected by dietary fatty acids compositions. The contents of n‐3 HUFA in polar and neutral lipids of fish increased with an increase in dietary n‐3 HUFA level. These results indicate that dietary n‐3 HUFA are essential and the diet containing 12–17 g kg^?1 n‐3 HUFA is optimal for growth and efficient feed utilization of juvenile fat cod, however, excessive n‐3 HUFA supplement may impair the growth of fish.     

Effect of dietary nutrient composition on compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus using different feeding regimes

Effect of dietary nutrient composition on compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus using different feeding regimes was determined. Six treatments were prepared in triplicate: fish were daily hand‐fed with the control (C) diet twice a day, 7 days a week, for 8 weeks (8WF‐C); fish were starved for 1 week, and then fed with the C and high protein and lipid (HPL) diets twice a day, 7 days a week, for 7 weeks, referred to as 7WF‐C and 7WF‐HPL, respectively; and fish were starved for 2 weeks, and then fed with the C, HPL and HPL with supplementation of the mixture of amino acids (HPLA) diets twice a day, 7 days a week, for 6 weeks, referred to as 6WF‐C, 6WF‐HPL and 6WF‐HPLA, respectively. Growth of fish in 7WF‐HPL treatment was greater than that of fish in any other treatments. Feed efficiency of fish in 7WF‐HPL, 6WF‐HPL and 6WF‐HPLA treatments was higher than that of fish in 8WF‐C, 7WF‐C and 6WF‐C treatments. The high protein and lipid diet effectively improved compensatory growth of fish. However, supplementation of the mixture of amino acids into the high protein and lipid diet did not improve compensatory growth of fish further.     

Evaluation of associative effects on ruminal digestion kinetics between pasture and grains using in vitro gas production method

In vitro gas production (GP) method was used to investigate associative effects on ruminal digestion when grains (corn or barley) were supplemented to spring pasture and autumn pasture. Pasture (75%) was incubated with 25% corn or barley and gas production was monitored up to 96 h. After incubation, the residues were used to determine dry matter and organic matter digestibility (DMD and OMD). Gas production parameters were analyzed by applying a single exponential equation. Organic matter effective degradability (OMED) was determined from GP parameters and OMD. The positive associative effects on the rate of GP, DMD, OMD and OMED were observed when spring pasture was incubated with corn. However, similar effects were not observed in a barley mixture. However, for autumn pasture, both corn and barley mixtures showed positive associative effects on rate of GP, OMD and OMED. The results of this study indicated that supplementation of corn would be better than barley for spring pasture with high water‐soluble carbohydrate contents, whereas both grain supplementations were effective to obtain positive associative effects on the rate of GP and OMED for autumn pasture with high cell wall content.     

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis with prominent appendicular bone proliferation in a dog

This report described radiographic and CT features of atypical diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in a 5 year-old, female Shih-tzu showing marked proliferative bone lesions in the appendicular skeleton with minor spinal changes. Continuous or flowing bony bridge formation of vertebrae is used as the gold standard for diagnosing diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. However, this criterion seems not to be suitable for appendicular type diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, as in the present case. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is a progressive skeletal disease, and thus, enthesophytosis and the multiple bony proliferations at insertion sites of ligaments and tendons to appendicular bones in a lamellar or trabecular pattern were considered diagnostic features of the appendicular type of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.