Identifying resistance gene analogs associated with resistances to different pathogens in common bean

ABSTRACT A polymerase chain reaction approach using degenerate primers that targeted the conserved domains of cloned plant disease resistance genes (R genes) was used to isolate a set of 15 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Eight different classes of RGAs were obtained from nucleotide binding site (NBS)-based primers and seven from not previously described Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor-like (TIR)-based primers. Putative amino acid sequences of RGAs were significantly similar to R genes and contained additional conserved motifs. The NBS-type RGAs were classified in two subgroups according to the expected final residue in the kinase-2 motif. Eleven RGAs were mapped at 19 loci on eight linkage groups of the common bean genetic map constructed at Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Genetic linkage was shown for eight RGAs with partial resistance to anthracnose, angular leaf spot (ALS) and Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV). RGA1 and RGA2 were associated with resistance loci to anthracnose and BGYMV and were part of two clusters of R genes previously described. A new major cluster was detected by RGA7 and explained up to 63.9% of resistance to ALS and has a putative contribution to anthracnose resistance. These results show the usefulness of RGAs as candidate genes to detect and eventually isolate numerous R genes in common bean.     

Genetic Analyses for TSV-Susceptible and TSV-Resistant Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei using M1 Microsatellite

Allelic frequency differences at the highly polymorphic MI microsatellite of B20 locus were examined in Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV)-susceptible (Kona) and TSV-resistant (Select) lines of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei . DNA was screened from 1,009 cultured L. vannamei , 166 from the Kona line and 843 (97 broodstock and 746 offspring) from the Select line. A total of 34 different MI alleles were found, 41.2% of which were shared by the two lines, and 58.2% were unique to either line. Only seven (20.6%) of the 34 alleles had similar frequencies in the two lines. The most frequent (22.4%) allele in the Select line (218 bp) was absent from the Kona line. The most frequent (9.6%) allele in the Kona line (236 bp) was not observed in the Select line. Significant genetic differentiation between the two lines was shown using contingency table analysis (X²= 891.20, df = 33, P < 0.0001), the exact test ( P < 0.00001), and F_st, analysis (0.06). Comparison of MI allele frequencies between the TSVresistant Select and TSV-susceptible Kona lines and between the top 12.5% (Top Select) and the bottom 12.5% (Bottom Select) surviving families to TSV challenge in the Select line suggested associations of MI alleles with TSV resistance. These observations suggest testable hypotheses in future experiments aimed at finding genetic markers associated with resistance to TSV and markers that could be used for marker-assisted selection of broodstock.     

猪场的粪便管理系统

前　　言粪便对环境的好处数百年来 ,动物粪便一直被认为是植物的优良养分来源 ,同时粪便具有改善土壤质量的作用因而还一直被认为是优良的土壤改良剂。同比较常规的肥料相比 ,粪便在田间的合理施用可对环境产生下列好处 :·减少硝酸盐沥出 ;·减少土壤侵蚀和径流 ;·增加土壤的含碳量而减少大气中的含碳量 (可能有助于缓解全球变暖 ) ;·减少因用天然气生产无机氮肥而对能源的消耗 ;·减少对商品磷肥的需求 (磷是一种稀缺资源 ) ;·提高作物种植体系的生产率。粪便中含有植物生长所需要的大多数元素 ,包括氮、磷、钾和微量元素。然而 ,正是…     

Clinical Tolerance and Bronchoscopic Changes Associated With Transtracheal High-Frequency jet Ventilation in Dogs and Cats

Eleven awake dogs and two cats received high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) via a transtracheal catheter for 6 hours to evaluate their clinical tolerance to the technique. A bronchoscopic examination was performed in all animals prior to and the morning of the day after the procedure to determine the gross effects of the technique on the tracheal epithelium.
All animals tolerated the technique well, exhibiting no discomfort and only a minimal amount of coughing. Only one dog exhibited coughing on the day following the procedure. No bronchoscopic changes were noted after HFJV in one dog. In one dog and one cat, the only observed change was an increase in the prominence of the vascularity compared to that observed prior to HFJV. The remaining animals exhibited more severe tracheal changes that included: an accumulation of mucus (seven dogs, one cat), focal spots of hemorrhage (two dogs), linear stretches of epithelial denuding (two dogs), and diffuse reddening and epithelial denuding (four dogs).
High-frequency jet ventilation by a transtracheal intravenous catheter is well tolerated for short-term ventilatory support in dogs and cats, but the magnitude of the tracheal damage observed in the present report may preclude long-term ventilatory support by this tecnique.     

Comparison of measured oxyhemoglobin saturation and oxygen content with analyzer-calculated values and hand-calculated values obtained in unsedated healthy dogs

OBJECTIVE: To compare direct measurements of canine oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) saturation and blood oxygen content (ContO2) in healthy dogs with analyzer-calculated values derived by use of a human HbO2 relationship and with hand-calculated values derived by use of a canine HbO2 relationship. ANIMALS: 17 healthy dogs. PROCEDURE: 3-mL samples of heparinized arterial and jugular venous blood were collected from each dog. The pH, Pco2, Po2, hemoglobin, HbO2, carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and ContO2 were measured; HbO2 and ContO2 were calculated automatically by analyzers and also hand-calculated. Blood gas analyzer-calculated and hand-calculated HbO2 values were compared with co-oximeter-measured HbO2 values. Analyzer-calculated and hand-calculated ContO2 values were compared with oxygen content analyzer-measured values. RESULTS: Hand-calculated HbO2 values for arterial and jugular venous samples were slightly but significantly lower than those calculated by a blood gas analyzer or obtained from a co-oximeter. Hand-calculated and analyzer-calculated arterial and venous ContO2 were similar to measured values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although certain HbO2 and ContO2 values generated by use of the different methods were significantly different, these differences are unlikely to be clinically important in healthy dogs.     

Assessment of the effect of dilution of blood samples with sodium heparin on blood gas, electrolyte, and lactate measurements in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of dilution of blood samples with sodium heparin on blood gas, electrolyte, and lactate measurements in dogs. Sample Population-Venous blood samples collected from 6 adult dogs of various breeds. PROCEDURE: Syringes were prepared with anticoagulant via 1 of 4 techniques, and the residual volume of liquid heparin in each type of prepared syringe was determined. Blood gas values and other selected clinicopathologic variables were measured in whole blood samples after collection (baseline) and after aliquots of the samples were diluted with heparin via 1 of the 4 manual syringe techniques. By use of a tonometer, whole blood samples were adjusted to 1 of 3 oxygen concentrations (40, 100, or 600 mm Hg) and the PO2 values were measured at baseline and subsequent to the 4 heparin dilutions. RESULTS: The 4 syringe techniques resulted in 3.9%, 9.4%, 18.8%, and 34.1% dilutions of a 1-mL blood sample. Compared with baseline values, dilution of blood samples with liquid heparin significantly changed the measured values of PCO2, PO2, and base deficit and concentrations of electrolytes and lactate. Of the variables assessed, measurement of ionized calcium concentration in blood was most affected by heparin dilution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings in dogs indicate that dilution of blood samples with heparin can be a source of preanalytical error in blood gas, electrolyte, and lactate measurements. Limiting dilution of blood samples with heparin to < 4% by volume via an evacuation technique of syringe heparinization is recommended.