用城市规划方法来建造一个儿童化城市——对中国和日本几个不同居住区儿童游戏活动的调查研究( Ⅰ)(英文)

在城市规划的发展过程中,从儿童游戏空间的角度来审视城市,是最近才开始的研究课题．在未来的城市范围内,保存和发展儿童游戏空间尤为重要．我们称之为城市中的游戏场地．城市的发展容易造成游戏场地的消失．本文将首先对北京市（ 中华人民共和国） 和东京（ 日本国） 的四个地区进行比较．在此基础上,对城市化进程中,与游戏有关的儿童年龄结构进行分析,得出一些与环境有关的主题     

Gene Defect of Dermatan Sulfate Proteoglycan of Cattle Affected With a Variant Form of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

A defect of the core protein of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan was suspected in a Holstein calf affected with a variant form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The mutation was a guanine-to-adenine transition at nucleotide position 254, which resulted in a serine-to-asparagine substitution of the bovine proteoglycan core protein. This substitution occurred in the serine-glycine dipeptide repeat that was suspected to be the binding portion of dermatan sulfate. This point mutation in the genome was also detected by the use of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The results of the RFLP and PCR indicated that the calf was a heterozygote of an abnormal gene and a normal gene of the core protein. The interpretation of these data revealed that the functional abnormality in cutaneous tissues of the calf was caused by an abnormal gene of the proteoglycan core protein, which induced a substitution of amino acid.     

Off-flavor of red sea bream Pagrus major reared in recirculating aquaculture systems with low salinity is caused by 2-methylisoborneol

Fisheries Science - We detected an earthy/musty off-flavor in the flesh of red sea bream Pagrus major cultured under low saline water conditions using two types of recirculating aquaculture systems...     

Pre‐challenge and post‐challenge haemato‐immunological changes in Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) fed argan oil against Lactococcus garvieae

The present study investigated the effects of argan oil, obtained from Argania spinosa, on pre‐ and post‐challenge immuno‐haematological and biochemical responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. For this purpose, the fish were fed diets containing 0, 0.5%, 1% or 2% argan oil for 45 days. Following 45 days of feeding, fish were challenged with Lactococcus garvieae and mortality was recorded for 15 days. During the pre‐challenge period, significantly higher respiratory burst activity, total white blood cell (WBC), serum lysozyme activity and myeloperoxidase activity were determined in the argan oil‐fed groups. The serum glucose and cholesterol levels decreased whilst total protein and albumin did not change in the groups fed with argan oil‐supplemented diets. After challenge with Lactococcus garvieae, the percentage survival (%) was found to be the highest in the 1% and 2% argan oil‐supplemented feeding groups. Also, there was a significant increase in weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio in those fish fed argan oil. The results of this study indicated that after the supplementation of fish diets with argan oil, especially at 1% and 2% concentrations, the immunological, haematological and biochemical values remained similar in both the pre‐ and post‐challenge periods and the immune response against L. garvieae in Nile tilapia was modulated.     

Mitigating sea turtle by-catch in coastal passive net fisheries

There is growing evidence that small-scale, coastal, passive net fisheries may be the largest single threat to some sea turtle populations. We review assessments of turtle interactions in these fisheries, and experiments on gear-technology approaches (modifying gear designs, materials and fishing methods) to mitigate turtle by-catch, available from a small number of studies and fisheries. Additional assessments are needed to improve the limited understanding of the relative degree of risk coastal net fisheries pose to turtle populations, to prioritize limited conservation resources and identify suitable mitigation opportunities. Whether gear technology provides effective and commercially viable solutions, alone or in combination with other approaches, is not well-understood. Fishery-specific assessments and trials are needed, as differences between fisheries, including in gear designs; turtle and target species, sizes and abundance; socioeconomic context; and practicality affect efficacy and suitability of by-catch mitigation methods. Promising gear-technology approaches for gillnets and trammel nets include: increasing gear visibility to turtles but not target species, through illumination and line materials; reducing net vertical height; increasing tiedown length or eliminating tiedowns; incorporating shark-shaped silhouettes; and modifying float characteristics, the number of floats or eliminating floats. Promising gear-technology approaches for pound nets and other trap gear include: replacing mesh with ropes in the upper portion of leaders; incorporating a turtle releasing device into traps; modifying the shape of the trap roof to direct turtles towards the location of an escapement device; using an open trap; and incorporating a device to prevent sea turtle entrance into traps.     

Validation of daily increment formation in otoliths of immature and adult Japanese anchovy <Emphasis Type="Italic">Engraulis japonicus</Emphasis>

In order to validate daily increment formation in otoliths of immature and adult Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus, three rearing experiments using chemical marking of otoliths were conducted on adult anchovy in summer 2004 and immature anchovy in summer 2005 and in winter 2006. In the two experiments conducted in summer, the number of otolith microincrements between alizarin complexone (ALC) marks showed that microincrements were formed daily. In the summer 2005 experiment, immature anchovy under conditions of reduced daily food rations also showed daily microincrement formation. Average increment width was 0.9 μm in adults and 1.8–3.1 μm in immature anchovy. In contrast, no clear increments were observed between ALC marks on the otoliths from the experiment in winter 2006, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations failed to confirm clear increment formation. We consider that low water temperatures (<13–14°C) restricted otolith growth and lowered the contrast between the discontinuous and the incremental zones of the otolith increments. For age estimation of Japanese anchovy, clear increments wider than about 1 μm in the otolith can be regarded as daily increments. However, daily age estimation of immature and adult anchovy that experience low water temperatures in winter may be difficult due to the obscurity of the increments.     

Effect of dietary medicinal herbs on lipid metabolism and stress recovery in red sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus major</Emphasis>

The effect of dietary medicinal herbs on lipid metabolism and stress recovery was investigated in red sea bream Pagrus major. Fish (mean body weight 24.0 ± 0.2 g) were fed on test fish meal diets supplemented with either Massa Medicata (Mm), Crataegi Fructus (Cf), Artemisia capillaries (Ac), or Cnidium officinale (Co), or with a mixture of the four herbs (HM) for 12 weeks. A control group was fed a diet without herbs in the same manner. A high survival rate was observed in the herbal diet groups. The final mean body weight, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and apparent protein and lipid retention in the Ac, Co, and HM groups were higher than those in the control and Mm groups. Final carcass, hepatic lipid and triglyceride contents, and plasma triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid levels were lower in the Ac, Co, and HM groups compared to those of control and Mm groups. However, final hepatic phospholipid, plasma phospholipid, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in the Ac, Co, and HM diets groups than in the control and Mm groups. The Cf, Co, Ac, and HM groups showed faster recovery time in the 2-phenoxyethanol anesthesia test and a higher recovery rate in the 10-min air exposure test than those of the control and Mm groups. Moreover, the Cf, Ac, Co, and HM diet groups had a significantly lower plasma cortisol level than the control and Mm diet group, but the glucose level in the herbal diet groups was higher than that in the control group after a 1-h air exposure. These results indicate that the addition of medicinal herbs to the fish diet improved lipid utilization and stress recovery in red sea bream.