pH、指示剂种类及用量对络合法滴定碳酸钙的影响

为了探究指示剂的种类、用量以及和pH对EDTA络合法测定碳酸钙结果的影响,通过建立8种指示剂的回归曲线,研究不同pH条件下、10种指示剂的显色以及14种指示剂不同用量对测定碳酸钙含量消耗EDTA量的影响。结果表明,8种指示剂均能较好反映滴定溶液中碳酸钙含量间的关系,拟合曲线R2均大于0.999;指示剂种类及其用量不同,消耗的EDTA使用液量也不相同,且在不同pH条件下,指示剂所显示的颜色不同,从而影响滴定结果;使用络合滴定法测定碳酸钙浓度时,以溶液中碳酸钙的质量浓度低于0.5%为宜,紫尿酸胺-萘酚绿B作为指示剂用于EDTA络合法滴定优于其他指示剂。     

The content of Hb in the blood and of different constituents in the plasma of lambs with low and normal increase in body mass]

In lambs with a very restricted intake of nutrients and an increase of the body mass of less than 60 g per day (group A) and in those with an increase of more than 220 g/day (group B), analyses of components of the blood and the plasma were performed at certain intervals. In the lambs of group A an anemia developed in the course of 77 days. The concentrations of alpha-amino-N, non-protein-N, urea, glucose and insulin as well as the activity of the alkaline phosphatase of the plasma of the lambs of group A were always lower than those of group B. The beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration of the lambs of group A on the 7th and 21st day of the experiment was higher than that of group B. The concentrations of inorganic phosphate and iron in the plasma of group A at most points during the study were lower than that in group B.     

匙吻鲟含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析

测定了10尾匙吻鲟(Polyodon spathula)含肉率、肌肉营养成分及其氨基酸含量,并对其营养价值进行了评价。结果显示:匙吻鲟含肉率达62.72%;鱼鲜肉中蛋白质含量为15.55%,脂肪为11.06%,灰分为1.28%,水分为72.08%,无氮浸出物为0.43%;17种氨基酸总含量为15.04%(鲜样),8种人体必需氨基酸总含量为5.37%。     

温度和盐度对扇贝“渤海红”稚贝存活和生长的互作效应

使用中心复合试验设计与响应曲面分析法研究温度(16~28℃)和盐度(22~34)两个因素对扇贝“渤海红”稚贝存活和生长的互作效应。试验结果显示,温度的一次效应、二次效应和盐度的二次效应对扇贝“渤海红”稚贝的存活率、壳长增长率和体质量增长率的影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01);盐度的一次效应、温度和盐度的互作效应对扇贝“渤海红”稚贝的存活率达到显著水平(P<0.05),但对稚贝的壳长增长率与体质量增长率的影响不显著(P>0.05)。存活率、稚贝的壳长增长率与体质量增长率的回归模型的相关系数分别为0.9696、0.9969、0.9966,校正系数分别为0.9391、0.9938、0.9932,预测系数分别为0.7622、0.9726、0.9662。3个模型均有较好的拟合度,可用于预测扇贝“渤海红”稚贝的存活率、壳长增长率和体质量增长率。经过软件优化,得到温度和盐度的共同影响下存活率、壳长增长率和体质量增长率的最优结果:温度22.65℃、盐度28.51时,存活率为95.33%,壳长增长率197.50μm/d,体质量增长率21.58 mg/d,其可靠性为0.975。     

四种消毒剂对摇蚊幼虫杀菌效果研究

为筛选四种鱼用消毒剂对摇蚊幼虫(Chironomid larvae)最适消毒条件,在单因素试验基础上,以消毒剂对摇蚊幼虫携带细菌相对灭菌率为考察指标进行正交试验;以消毒后摇蚊幼虫相对存活率、稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)对摇蚊幼虫平均摄食时间、消毒后未杀灭细菌种类为指标,综合评价消毒虫体质量。结果显示:浓度因子对聚维酮碘、新洁尔灭、高锰酸钾的相对灭菌率有极显著影响;时间因子对聚维酮碘的相对灭菌率影响极显著;温度因子对聚维酮碘的相对灭菌率影响极显著,对新洁尔灭影响显著;浓度、时间和温度因子均对戊二醛的相对灭菌率无显著影响;在实验室条件下,根据消毒剂对相对灭菌率的各影响因子主次顺序得到了四种消毒剂消毒摇蚊幼虫的最佳因子参数,其中高锰酸钾:消毒剂浓度60 mg/L,消毒温度28℃,消毒时间1.5 h;聚维酮碘:消毒温度24℃,消毒剂浓度150 mg/L,消毒时间1 h;新洁尔灭:消毒剂浓度3 200 mg/L,消毒温度24℃,消毒时间1 h;戊二醛:消毒温度28℃,消毒时间1.5 h,消毒剂浓度20 000 mg/L。四种消毒剂最佳消毒条件对摇蚊幼虫相对存活率及对稀有鮈鲫摄食效果影响不大;消毒后从不同来源的四份虫体样品共分离出未杀灭的细菌16种,主要隶属于气单胞菌属和不动杆菌属。     

长株潭试验区发展“两型农业”的对策研究

长株潭试验区发展资源节约型、环境友好型农业,即“两型农业”具有重要意义,它不仅可以解决生态环境问题和缓解资源约束,也可以增加农民收入和促进农村社会和谐发展,还可以为湖南省乃至全国“两型农业”的建设和发展提供经验。长株潭“两型农业”发展中存在工业污染、生活垃圾、工农业资源争夺、农业弱势等方面的问题,需要从思想、生态环境、资源节约、资金、智力和制度等方面来推进长株潭“两型农业”建设。     

Maturation and artificial fertilization of eggs of captive common wolf fish, Anarhichas lupus L. from the White Sea

Abstract. A stock of mature common wolffish, Anarhichas lupus L., were kept in tanks at the surface temperature in the sea and at a lowered temperature. At temperatures of 5–8C in August and September all females matured. The fertilization rate of the eggs was studied in relation to various aspects of the fertilization procedure including sperm concentration, the duration of the contact of eggs with the sperm and the time of exposure of the gametes outside of the body of spawners. The maximum fertilization rate was attained at sperm concentrations not less than 1.0 times 10⁶ per ml and when eggs were exposed to sperm for 1–2h. Fertilization of eggs in a narrow cylindrical vessel improved the efficiency of fertilization, with rates of up to 80–95%. Features of the fertilization of eggs of the wolffish are discussed in relation to the reproductive biology of the species.     

春、秋季武湖浮游动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

2007年和2008年春(5月)、秋(11月)季对武湖浮游动物进行了4次调查,共检出浮游动物133种,其中原生动物61种,轮虫63种,枝角类6种,桡足类3种。浮游动物物种数春季较多,2007年和2008年分别为86种和85种;秋季较少,分别为73种和72种。2007年春季浮游动物总丰度最高,为49605个/L;2007年秋季和2008年春、秋季浮游动物总丰度较低;原生动物和轮虫的丰度是武湖浮游动物丰度的主体。浮游动物丰度和环境因子的典型对应分析(CCA)表明,叶绿素a、总磷、总氮、化学需氧量、溶解氧、水温和透明度是与武湖浮游动物群落相关性较强的环境因子(P<0.05),且相关性较强的环境因子在各季节是不同的,表明武湖浮游动物群落结构的季节变化与水体营养状况密切相关。     

Thermal stability of carp actin in its polymerized form

We investigated the thermal denaturation of carp F-actin by measuring the loss of polymerization ability. The thermal denaturation rates of carp F-actin were at least 10-fold higher than those of chicken F-actin. Binding of tropomyosin thermally stabilized carp F-actin with no appreciable change in activation energy, suggesting the instability was caused by a high frequency of fragmentation of the actin filaments. A comparison of the critical concentration for polymerization suggested that the subunit–subunit interactions of carp F-actin were indeed weaker than those of chicken F-actin. Furthermore, using fluorescence quenching we showed that the nucleotide binding region of carp F-actin was in a more open conformation. Together, our results suggest that the instability of carp F-actin is a function of both the rate of fragmentation and the dissociation of bound nucleotides.     

甲壳动物幼体消化酶研究进展

通过研究近年来国内外学者关于甲壳动物幼体消化酶方面的研究现状,发现目前已测定出甲壳动物幼体消化酶的种类主要有：蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、羧肽酶A、羧肽酶B、氨肽酶、胶原酶、弹性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、酯酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、几丁质酶、麦芽糖酶、蔗糖酶、昆布多糖酶等种类,初步归纳了甲壳动物幼体主要消化酶的分子量、最适pH和最适温度;分析了幼体发育过程中消化酶活力变化模式以及与食性的关系,并采用淀粉酶/蛋白酶活力（A/P）比值或淀粉酶/类胰蛋白酶（A/T）比值作为甲壳动物幼体的食性指标;观察了幼体消化器官的发育,阐明幼体消化酶的合成与分泌不仅由遗传控制、中肠腺发育程度等因子决定,而且还与饲料的营养水平有关,提出采用幼体消化酶对饲料组成的适应性研究幼体营养需求的新途径.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：492-501]     

新型海带夹苗机械系统的设计及仿真分析

针对海带夹苗作业过程中劳动强度大、工作效率低等问题,设计一种新型海带夹苗机,以期实现苗绳破扣、后插送苗夹苗及苗绳复位等过程的自动化。介绍了新型海带夹苗机械结构组成、夹苗工艺及工作原理;设计了后插执行机构;利用仿真软件对海带夹苗机械装置进行操作过程的运动仿真分析。结果表明:苗绳破扣进给长度为60~80 mm较为理想;绳夹夹取苗绳扭矩应小于4.2 N·m;当破扣时,扭转角对破扣绳径的影响是转角越大则绳径越大;采用后插方式夹苗,可提高插苗成功率、降低伤苗率。新型海带夹苗机械系统设计可为海产植物种植装置的开发应用提供参考。     

黄渤海虾虎鱼DNA条形码分类体系构建

虾虎鱼(Gobiidae)是海洋底层食物链中的关键环节, 在生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥重要作用。因虾虎鱼种类繁多、分布广泛、体型较小, 加之形态上存在不同程度的特化, 对形态学分类鉴定带来极大挑战。本研究对采自黄渤海的 73 尾虾虎鱼成鱼和幼鱼样本分别进行了形态学鉴定和 DNA 条形码分析, 依据形态学分类特征, 鉴定出 9 属 12 种; 而运用 DNA 条形码技术, 共鉴定出 13 种, 隶属于虾虎鱼科 10 属。可见, 在形态学鉴定经验不足或幼鱼形态学特征不明显的情况下, DNA 条形码可以有效地实现物种鉴定。同时, 系统整理了黄渤海虾虎鱼科记录种名录, 共计 29 属 47 种。依据物种名录, 从 BOLD 及 NCBI 数据库中筛选并下载了 18 属 29 种虾虎鱼科鱼类的 DNA 条形码, 与本研究鉴定出的 10 属 13 种虾虎鱼类合并分析, 构建了虾虎鱼科 26 属 42 种鱼类的系统关系树, 覆盖了黄渤海虾虎鱼科 89.36%的记录种, 通过对虾虎鱼科鱼类的分子系统发育关系与形态学分类地位进行确认和修订, 初步建立了黄渤海虾虎鱼科 DNA 条形码分类体系。本研究结果证明了 DNA 条形码技术对虾虎鱼物种具有较高识别效率, 有效弥补了传统形态学鉴定方法的缺点和局限, 丰富了虾虎鱼 DNA 条形码数据库, 完善了虾虎鱼 DNA 条形码分类体系, 为虾虎鱼的保护生物学、进化生物学及生物地理学等研究提供了科学依据。     

The status and ecology of reefs of Serpula vermicularis L. (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) in Scotland

1. The distribution and abundance of reefs of Serpula vermicularis was examined in Loch Creran, the only known remaining site of reefs of this species in Scotland. In view of the decline in populations elsewhere, the aims included assessment of the importance of the Scottish population in terms of conservation of the reef habitat and the establishment of a baseline against which future changes could be gauged. A further objective was to determine appropriate conservation management of the reefs by examining the influence of both natural and anthropogenic factors. 2. Reefs were largely restricted to a depth range of 1–13 m. Factors controlling the depth distribution are discussed. 3. Serpula vermicularis reefs colonized a variety of substrata, but predominantly grew on lamellibranch shells on a seabed of muddy sand. There was some evidence that reef abundance was influenced by the availability of suitable substrata. 4. A belt of scattered reefs fringed much of the coastline of the loch with profuse reef development at two sites, where reef coverage exceeded 10% of the seabed. In terms of total abundance of Serpula vermicularis reefs, Loch Creran represents the major world site for reef development. It is concluded that the reefs of Loch Creran are of significant nature conservation importance and grounds for the establishment of conservation management are discussed. 5. Reef development is apparently curtailed in areas of strong currents and high flushing rate. There is evidence that human activity has adversely influenced reef growth through the discharge of organic factory effluent and the physical disturbance caused by mooring ground tackle. Scallop dredging also represents a significant threat to the persistence of serpulid reefs. Methods of minimising damage to this rare and fragile feature are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Eel, Anguilla anguilla L., stock and yield in Polish lakes

Abstract. Details of mean annual slocking rate and catch of eels in a random sample of 68 Polish lakes over a period of 36 years are presented. Multiple correlation and curvilinear regressions are used to assess the effectiveness of stocking. Maximum stocking rate of 275 elvers/ha/year and maximum catch of 5.2 kg/ha were determined. Yields per recruit were highest in the lakes in which the greatest catches of other fish were made and stocking was most effective in lakes of depth less than 5 m.
The theoretical maximum catch of 5.2kg/ha was very much less than maxima observed elsewhere. Two possible contributory factors are the Polish practice of using relatively large-meshed seines for fishing, permitting the escape of eels of less than 50cm and the relatively small number of potential competing fish species in fisheries such as that of Lough Neagh in Ireland.     

暗纹东方鲀卵子磷酸酶等生化指标分析与卵质评估

为了研究暗纹东方鲀卵子可发育能力与其生化指标的关系,用生化分析方法对暗纹东方鲀未受精卵子基本成分、磷酸酶活力、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活力、唾液酸(SA)、氨基酸含量进行分析,同时用GC-MS方法对脂肪酸组成及相对含量进行检测,并对各物质变化规律与其孵化率的相关性进行分析。结果显示,酸性磷酸酶活力(ACP)、SA含量与孵化率显著相关,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)与孵化率显著负相关;C14:0与孵化率显著相关,并呈现递减趋势;ARA、DHA与孵化率均显著相关,并呈现先递增后递减的变化趋势;n-3脂肪酸、DHA与EPA之比、EPA与ARA之比均与孵化率存在显著相关。结果表明,磷酸酶、SA、脂肪酸等物质变化规律与卵子孵化率存在相关性,且ACP活力值在68.045~141.038,AKP活力值在2.298~7.241,SA含量在9.081~19.973,C14:0含量在0.485~0.658,ARA含量在1.371~2.498,DHA含量在13.838~18.469时,均可作为卵子孵化率不低于50%的参考指标,据此可在一定程度上反映暗纹东方鲀苗种繁育生产中所用卵子的可孵化价值,亦可作为参考指标对其卵子质量进行初步的客观评价。     

渔船保险理赔中存在的问题及对策——以福建省渔业互助保险为例

近年来,福建省渔船投保综合险数量和理赔案件数量不断增长,渔船理赔过程中由于渔船互助保险机构理赔人员的素质偏低、事故查勘专业程度不高以及渔民对保险的认知不足等,影响着渔船互助保险业务的发展。通过对以上理赔过程中存在的问题进行详细分析,提出创新理赔人员业务培训,加强渔民会员对渔业互助保险的认知,建立渔业互助保险机构、渔民会员、船厂三方的沟通机制等方法和措施,提高福建省渔船保险理赔服务,为渔业互助保险理赔业务的可持续发展打下坚实的基础。     

Factors affecting the intensity of epidermal papillomatosis in populations of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), estimated as scale coverage

Studies of epidermal papillomatosis in fish populations have only rarely focused on the intensity of the disease, i.e. the number and size of papillomas. Furthermore, the methods used to evaluate the intensity of papillomatosis have not been standardized. We tested the reliability of a method based on counting of scales covered by papilloma tumours in roach, Rutilus rutilus (L). In addition, we studied the frequency distributions of the number of scales covered by papillomas within populations, evaluated the correlation between the prevalence and mean intensity of the disease among populations and examined the intensity of papillomatosis in roach with respect to sex and size of fish. Reliability of the scale coverage method was high. Therefore, the method could offer an effective way to determine the intensity of papillomatosis in fish species with large scales. The frequency distribution of the scale coverage of papillomas was highly aggregated within all populations studied. The mean intensity of papillomatosis increased with the size of the fish and was higher in males than in females. However, there was no correlation between the mean intensity and prevalence of the disease among the 19 roach populations studied.     

辽宁沿海盐田孤雌生殖卤虫种群组成研究

对辽宁省大连市金州盐场、普兰店盐场、瓦房店复州湾盐场和营口市二道沟盐场孤雌生殖卤虫种群进行了野外调查，发现这4个沿海盐场中原有的孤雌生殖卤虫种群中出现了大量雄体。分析成体卤虫的性比，卤虫卵的卵色、卵径及卵重，初步认为辽宁省孤雌生殖卤虫种群中外来的两性生殖卤虫可能是美国旧金山湾卤虫。外来的两性生殖卤虫占有一定优势，本地的孤雌生殖卤虫种群已经有了转变，这样的种群组成表明已经形成了生态入侵，有可能影响卤虫的生物多样性。     

Cryopreservation of carp sperm

About 70% of eggs of Cyprinus carpio reached the eyed stage in fertility tests with 1 ml of cryopreserved semen added to 1 g of eggs. When 1 ml of semen was added to 100 g of eggs, few eggs reached the eyed stage. In two fertility tests with sperm preserved for 342 days, using 5 g of eggs inseminated with 1 ml of semen, percentages of eyed eggs were 31.5 and 25.5, respectively. In a series of fertility tests, the chemical constituency of the medium in which fertilization was attempted influenced the fertility of cryopreserved sperm.     

止锚湾栉孔扇贝苗场开发利用的调查报告

1978年绥申县止锚湾发现少量栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri J.＆ P.)苗。为了评估这个海湾的苗场开发利用价值,1979年设计了新的采苗器具,查明了亲贝栖息场、繁殖期、附苗期及幼体分布数量和潮流变动等情况。结果表明:止锚湾套浅口敞,潮流多变,幼体集中区极不稳定,作为生产性海区采苗场,是有很大缺陷的。