Specific Responses of Soil Microbial Residue Carbon to Long-Term Mineral Fertilizer Applications to Reddish Paddy Soils

Mineral nutrient inputs to soil may alter microbial activity and consequently influence the accumulation of microbial residues. In this study, we investigated the effects of application rates and ratios of mineral fertilizers on the microbial residue carbon(MRC) of reddish paddy soils after long-term(15-year) fertilizer applications in southern China. Contents of three soil amino sugars as microbial residue contents were determined and MRC were calculated based on amino sugars. Results showed that three individual amino sugar contents increased as fertilizer application rates increased until maximum values were reached at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). The three amino sugar contents then declined significantly under the highest mineral fertilizer application rate of 675-88-280 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). In addition, to enhance the microbial residue contents, it was more beneficial to double P(N:P:K= 1:0.26:0.41) in fertilizers applied to the P-deficient reddish paddy soils than to double either N(N:P:K = 2:0.13:0.41) or K(N:P:K= 1:0.13:0.82). The contents of the three individual amino sugars and microbial residues under different fertilizer application rates and ratios were significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon(SOC), total N, total P, and p H. Increases in values of the fungal C to bacterial C ratios showed that soil organic matter(SOM) stability increased because of the fertilizer applications over the past 15 years. The contents and ratios of amino sugars can be used as indicators to evaluate the impact of mineral fertilizer applications on SOM dynamics in subtropical paddy soils. The results indicated that fertilizer applications at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K) may improve crop yields, SOC contents, and SOC stability in subtropical paddy soils.     

基于t分布函数的玉米群体三维模型构建方法

为利用少量实测数据快速构建能够反映因品种、环境条件、栽培管理措施等因素产生形态结构差异的玉米群体三维模型,提出基于t分布函数的玉米群体三维模型构建方法。通过实测数据构建主要株型参数的t分布函数,在其约束下生成群体内各植株主要株型参数,通过构造株型参数相似性度量函数调用玉米器官三维模板资源库中的器官几何模板,结合人工交互或图像提取的各植株生长位置与植株方位平面角2组群体结构信息生成玉米群体几何模型。利用三维数字化仪获取的玉米群体田间原位三维数字化数据所构建玉米群体计算得到的LAI与该方法构建玉米群体计算得到的LAI进行对比验证,结果表明:该方法所生成玉米群体叶面积指数与原位三维数字化数据所构建玉米群体计算得到的LAI相比,误差在±2%以内,可以满足面向可视化计算的玉米结构功能分析研究需求。方法可为玉米株型优化设计、耐密性鉴定、品种适应性评价等虚拟试验研究提供技术手段。     

作物表型组数据库研究进展及展望

【目的】总结归纳作物表型数据库的研究进展,对作物表型数据库的构建进行展望。【方法】采用文献综述法,从Web of Science、NCBI的PubMed和中国知网等常用公共文献数据库中对已发表的作物表型组学相关研究文献进行检索,据此对国内外作物表型组学研究现状进行分析,并基于其中的数据库研究,对目前的作物表型相关数据库进行了介绍。最后对作物表型组数据库构建标准及要求进行了介绍。【结果】不同于基因组学已有许多大型的、公认的、成熟的公共数据库,有关作物表型组学的数据库虽已有一些,但综合性较强、普适性较广的通用标准数据库却不是很多。因此,构建综合性作物表型组标准数据库或构建特定作物的表型组数据库,将成为该领域相关研究人员的工作重点。【结论】农业信息化是现代农业的一个必然发展趋势,作物表型组数据库的构建也是顺应时代发展的产物。今后,在充分利用各种综合和专用数据库的基础上,研究人员应在实际研究中构建自己的作物表型组数据库,增强数据管理和共享。     

东方泽泻实时荧光定量PCR内参基因的筛选及AoSS基因的组织表达特性分析

[目的]筛选适用于东方泽泻实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)的内参基因,并分析其鲨烯合酶基因(AoSS)的表达特性,为后续研究东方泽泻原萜烷型三萜生物合成调控及诱导机制打下基础.[方法]从东方泽泻转录组中选取内参基因18S rRNA、EF1α、GAPDH、ACT、UBQ和UBC,应用qRT-PCR检测其在不同组织和激素处理下的表达情况,并借助Delta CT、GeNorm、NormFinder、BestKeeper和RefFinder对其表达稳定性进行分析评价.以筛选到的内参基因分析AoSS基因在不同组织中的表达情况.[结果]18S rRNA、GAPDH和EF1α基因在东方泽泻不同组织的表达稳定性较高,但18S rRNA、UBC和EF1α基因在不同激素处理下的表达稳定性均较高.以18S rRNA、GAPDH和EF1α基因为内参分析AoSS基因在东方泽泻不同组织中的表达量情况,结果显示,AoSS基因在东方泽泻不同组织中均有表达,其表达情况基本一致,均在东方泽泻块茎中表达量最高,其次是叶柄和叶,而在根中表达量最低.[结论]18S rRNA、GAPDH和EF1α基因是研究东方泽泻不同组织中基因表达分析的首选内参基因;18S rRNA、EF1α和UBC基因是研究激素处理下基因表达的首选内参基因.AoSS基因的表达具有组织特异性,其可能在东方泽泻的生长发育中发挥重要的调控功能.     

三角帆蚌钩介幼虫寄生胁迫对黄颡鱼营养指标的影响

为探索三角帆蚌Hyriopsis cumingii钩介幼虫寄生对寄主鱼营养指标的影响,测定了三角帆蚌钩介幼虫寄生胁迫对不同寄生阶段黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco血浆、肝脏和肌肉组织中糖原、游离脂肪酸、总蛋白、游离氨基酸含量的变化情况。结果表明:在相同时间点,寄生组与对照组鱼肝脏和肌肉中糖原含量均无显著性差异(P0.05);寄生组鱼肝脏中游离脂肪酸含量在寄生后期(12 d)显著低于对照组(P0.05),在寄生前期(2 d)、中期(5 d)与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05),寄生组鱼血浆、肌肉游离脂肪酸含量与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05);寄生组、对照组鱼在寄生中期和后期肝脏总蛋白含量均显著降低(P0.05),血浆、肌肉总蛋白含量无显著性变化(P0.05);寄生组鱼血浆游离氨基酸含量在寄生中期和后期显著低于对照组(P0.05),寄生组鱼肝脏游离氨基酸在寄生后期显著低于对照组(P0.05),寄生前期、中期与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,钩介幼虫寄生会导致肝脏游离脂肪酸降低,血浆及肝脏游离氨基酸含量下降,推测脂肪酸和游离氨基酸可能是钩介幼虫变态发育的关键营养因子。     

不同基因型棉花根系对局部供磷的响应特征

【目的】 养分异质性存在于自然土壤或农田土壤,探讨不同基因型棉花根系对异质性养分的响应,对提高棉花磷利用效率具有重要意义。 【方法】 本试验在土培条件下,设磷均质供应和磷局部供应两种供磷方式,根箱自上而下分为三层 (上层0—20 cm、中层20—40 cm、下层40—60 cm)。磷均质供应方式下根箱每一层的磷肥用量均为P₂O₅ 100 mg/kg,磷局部供应方式下磷肥用量为P₂O₅ 300 mg/kg,全部集中施在中层 (20—40 cm),上下两层均不施磷,两种供磷方式下氮钾肥均按N 150 mg/kg和K₂O 5 mg/kg均匀加入至根箱各层 (施钾量按75 kg/hm2计算),利用根箱分层研究2种基因型棉花根系对局部供磷 (20—40 cm) 响应的差异。 【结果】 局部供磷能显著改变棉花的根系形态,磷低效基因型‘新陆早13号’和磷高效基因型‘新陆早19号’总根长、根系表面积、根系总体积、比根长、中层细根长度分别增加了38.0%、41.9%、97.6%、27.3%、35.9%和34.5%、21.7%、39.0%、22.5%、42.8%。棉花对局部供磷的响应存在基因型差异,磷高效基因型‘新陆早19号’的总根长、根系表面积、根系总体积、比根长、中层细根长度均显著高于磷低效基因型‘新陆早13号’,分别是磷低效基因型‘新陆早13号’的1.23、1.31、1.73、1.07、1.30倍。主成分分析表明,棉花根系的可塑性主要受养分供应方式影响,而根系的基本构架主要受基因型控制。偏最小二乘回归分析表明,总根长、中层 (20—40 cm) 细根 (0—0.4 mm) 长度、根系表面积和根系总体积的VIP值超过1,对地上磷吸收起着明显重要的作用,其中中层 (20—40 cm) 细根 (0—0.4 mm) 长度10%的增加量可以引起地上部磷吸收2.33%的增加,即中层 (20—40 cm) 细根 (0—0.4 mm) 长度对植株磷吸收的贡献最大。 【结论】 在局部供磷区,磷高效基因型棉花具有更高的环境适应能力。对于高效和低效基因型,都应采取局部供磷的方式,优化根系分布和生长,提高棉花获取异质性磷养分的能力,以发挥棉花的最大生物学潜力,提高养分利用率,减少肥料用量,保护生态环境。      

名山河流域不同类型土壤腐殖质的组成特征

以名山河流域不同类型土壤为研究对象,研究了3种土壤类型(黄壤、紫色土、水稻土)和4种土地利用方式(水田、旱地、果园、茶园)下腐殖质的组成特征。结果表明:名山河流域3种类型土壤腐殖质含碳量为9.74~21.66g/kg,表层土壤(0—20cm)大于下层土壤(20—40cm),含量由高到低依次为水稻土紫色土黄壤,水稻土与紫色土、黄壤腐殖质碳含量差异显著,腐殖质各组分碳含量间呈极显著正相关(P0.01);从土地利用方式看,水田腐殖质含碳量显著高于果园、茶园和旱地,且腐殖质碳含量与HA含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);土壤的腐殖化程度表现为黄壤紫色土水稻土。不同利用方式下重组碳含量表现为水田果园茶园旱地,茶园表层土壤腐殖质松紧比最大(1.37),为水田下层土壤的2.14倍;3种类型土壤团聚体中HA含量为0.02~4.57g/kg,且随着粒径的减小呈现先降低后增加的趋势,除2~5,0.25mm粒径团聚体外,5,1~2,0.5~1,0.25~0.5mm粒径团聚体均与其HA含量呈正相关(P0.05)。土壤腐殖质组成受土壤类型及人为耕作管理活动的影响,4种土地利用方式下水田土壤肥力最高,HA含量受5mm粒径团聚体影响最大。     

Carbendazim sensitivity in populations of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex infecting strawberry and yams in Hubei Province of China

The ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a devastating plant pathogen with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. Carbendazim has been widely used to control anthracnose caused by the C. gloeosporioides complex in China for more than 30 years and resistance to carbendazim has been reported in China. A total of 125 Colletotrichum isolates of strawberry and yam were collected from different geographical regions in Hubei Province, China. Approximately 52.8% of Colletotrichum spp. isolates showed resistance to carbendazim. The isolates tested in this study belong to four species, and the frequencies of resistant isolates differed across Colletotrichum species. Resistant isolates were found in C. siamense and C. fructicola. In contrast, all isolates of C. gloeosporioides and C. aenigma were sensitive to carbendazim. Highly carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the E198 A mutation in the β-tubulin 2(TUB2) gene, whereas moderately carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the F200 Y mutation in the TUB2 gene. Carbendazim-sensitive Colletotrichum isolates in this study were not genetically similar enough to form a separate cluster from resistant isolates. The result of this study emphasizes the importance of knowing which Colletotrichum sp. is present, when strategies for disease control are made.     

Postponed and reduced basal nitrogen application improves nitrogen use efficiency and plant growth of winter wheat

Excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization with a high basal N ratio in wheat can result in lower N use efficiency(NUE) and has led to environmental problems in the Yangtze River Basin, China. However, wheat requires less N fertilizer at seedling growth stage, and its basal N fertilizer utilization efficiency is relatively low; therefore, reducing the N application rate at the seedling stage and postponing the N fertilization period may be effective for reducing N application and increasing wheat yield and NUE. A 4-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars under four N rates(240 kg N ha–1(N240), 180 kg N ha–1(N180), 150 kg N ha–1(N150), and 0 kg N ha–1(N0)) and three basal N application stages(seeding(L0), fourleaf stage(L4), and six-leaf stage(L6)) to investigate the effects of reducing the basal N application rate and postponing the basal N fertilization period on grain yield, NUE, and N balance in a soil-wheat system. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the N180 L4 and N240 L0(control) treatments, and the maximum N recovery efficiency and N agronomy efficiency were observed in the N180 L4 treatment. Grain yield and NUE were the highest in the L4 treatment. The leaf area index, flag leaf photosynthesis rate, flag leaf nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase activities, dry matter accumulation, and N uptake post-jointing under N180 L4 did not differ significantly from those under N240 L0. Reduced N application decreased the inorganic N content in the 0–60-cm soil layer, and the inorganic N content of the L6 treatment was higher than those of the L0 and L4 treatments at the same N level. Surplus N was low under the reduced N rates and delayed basal N application treatments. Therefore, postponing and reducing basal N fertilization could maintain a high yield and improve NUE by improving the photosynthetic production capacity, promoting N uptake and assimilation, and reducing surplus N in soil-wheat systems.     

长江中下游冬油菜在新疆春油菜区适应性分析

【目的】研究长江中下游半冬性甘蓝型油菜在新疆春油菜区的生态适应性,拓宽春油菜种质资源。【方法】利用稳定性参数、高稳系数、变异系数,分析参试品种生育期、主要农艺性状和产量。【结果】长江中下游地区半冬性甘蓝型冬油菜在该区自然资源、栽培条件下能够通过春化正常生长发育,且参试品种生育期均长于对照品种新油17号,收获期晚4~15 d,通过隶属函数对参试品种主要农艺性状进行综合评价,中油158、华油杂73、华油杂76、浙油50、中双11号综合排名位居前五,其他品种均优于对照品种新油17号,利用高稳系数法对参试品种在新疆各个试点产量进行分析,中双11号、华油杂76、沣油737 F1、沪油17号均高于对照。参试品种中中油158主要农艺性状优良,但最终由于发生倒伏,后期产量降低,折合单产仅有201.41 kg/667 m²,高稳系数法排名最后,而中双11号主要农艺性状相对中油158较弱,但在滴灌技术下,未发生根倒,折合单产高达225.13 kg/667 m²,高稳系数法排名第一;华油杂76折合单产高达252.71 kg/667 m²,高稳系数法排名第二。【结论】长江中下游地区半冬性甘蓝型冬油菜在新疆春油菜区,能够通过春化正常生长发育,完全成熟;成熟期许多品种发生根倒,产量降低,选择高抗倒伏品种在新疆春油菜区且具有显著的经济效益,同时拓宽新疆春油菜种质资源。