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31.
Akio?InoueEmail author Marie?Miyake Tomohiro?Nishizono 《Journal of Forest Research》2004,9(4):319-324
An allometric model that explains the mechanism of the difference in the slope of the Reineke equation (A) among species was proposed based on the allometric relationships of mean tree height (H) to quadratic mean diameter D (H ∝ D
θ
) and stand density N (H ∝ N
δ
), i.e., A = θ/δ. The proposed model was fitted to Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) and red pine (Pinus densiflora) stands. The allometric exponents θ and δ were, respectively, 0.8995 and −0.5000 for cypress and 0.8612 and −0.6619 for pine. The difference between cypress and pine
was significant for δ but not for θ. Inserting the exponents into the model resulted in predicted slopes of −1.7991 for cypress and −1.3011 for pine. The difference
in the slope of the Reineke equation between the two species was produced by characteristics related to the tree crown, rather
than characteristics related to stem slenderness. The proposed model enables us to estimate the slope of the Reineke equation
from commonly measured stand attributes, such as mean tree height and quadratic mean diameter. Therefore, the proposed model
is expected to be practical and convenient for estimating the slope of the Reineke equation and for explaining the mechanism
of its variation among species. The model should be also accepted as a generalized model of the stand density versus quadratic
mean diameter relationship, whereas the original Reineke equation should be seen as a specific case of this model. 相似文献
32.
This paper presents research on plywood frame corners jointed to glulam beams and columns by means of glued-in hardwood dowels. The frame corner was made of a solid block of ordinary plywood of the same width as the glulam beams and with plies parallel to the plane of the frame to avoid splitting due to stress perpendicular to the grain. Hardwood dowels with a diameter of 12mm and a maximum glued-in length of 120mm were glued into drilled holes in the plywood corner and glulam beam ends parallel to the grain direction of the beams to form a momentresisting joint. Static bending tests were conducted of frame corners with 100 X 200mm2 and 120 X 420mm2 beam cross sections. Bending capacities of the joints corresponding to a modulus of rupture of the jointed glulam beams of about 30MPa were obtained for both closing and opening moments for the small cross sections, and about 22MPa was obtained for the large cross sections. Simple design models for calculation of joint strength and rotational stiffness are also presented. 相似文献
33.
The effect of compression and incision on wood veneer and plywood physical and mechanical properties
Maija Kymäläinen Akio Yamamoto Kasperi Sokka Lauri Rautkari 《Wood material science & engineering》2020,15(2):97-103
ABSTRACTDrying takes the largest share of energy in plywood production, and varying moisture content of veneers necessitates re-drying that often leads to over-dry veneers with deactivated surfaces, which may promote imperfect bonding. In order to decrease the drying time, reduce the need for re-drying of veneers, and improve the quality of plywood, birch and spruce veneers were subjected to pre-treatment by cold compression, incision, or a combination of the two. The effects of pre-treatment on the veneer and plywood quality were assessed by standard tests. Compression had a beneficial effect on water removal of the wettest veneers (spruce sapwood (SW) and birch), but some thickness reduction was observed in the veneers as well as the finished birch plywood. Compression led to thickness reduction of spruce veneers, but had no effect on SW plywood thickness likely due to higher viscoelasticity. Both compression and the combination of incising and compression levelled the moisture variation within the compressed stacks. Incision improved the modulus of elasticity of birch plywood, shear strength of SW plywood, and both bending and shear strengths of heartwood plywood. Higher surface pressure decreased the drying time of spruce SW in both plain compression and combined incision and compression pre-treatment. 相似文献
34.
Stephen Adu-Bredu Taketo Yokota Kazuharu Ogawa Akio Hagihara 《Journal of Forest Research》1997,2(1):31-37
The study was carried out in a 9-year-old hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl.), stand over a span of three years from July 1992 to June 1995, primarily to predict litter production
from exteral tree dimensions by combining open-top clothtrap and clipping methods. Litter production was virtually concentrated
in October and November. Stem cross-sectional area at the crown base was proved to be the reliable predictor of litter production,
and that single regression model was evolved irrespective of year. The regression model had proportional constants of 2.696
× 10−2 and 3.540 × 10−2 kg cm−2 year−1 for leaf litter and total litter production, respectively. Utilizing the model, leaf litter production of the stand was assessed
to be 5.04, 5.12, and 4.99, and total litter production to be 6.48, 6.58, and 6.40 Mg ha−1 year−1 for the first, second and third year, respectively. Biomass increment was 6.67, 7.80, and 7.70, tree mortality was 0.15,
0.13, and 0.41, and insect grazing was 0.09, 0.05, and 0.002 Mg ha−1 year−1 for the first, second and third year, respectively. Above-groud net production was therefore 13.39, 14.55, and 14.51, Mg
ha−1 year−1, and biomass accumulation ratio (biomass/net production) was 1.86, 2.21, and 2.76 year for the first, second and third year,
respectively. Considering data from earlier studies and the results of this study, biomass accumulation ratio,BAR (year), of hinoki stands was best related to above-ground biomass,y (Mg ha−1), using the power function:BAR=0.112y
0.936. Excluding seedling stands, leaf efficiency (above-ground net production per unit leaf mass) of hinoki stands was 0.91±0.02
(SE) Mg Mg−1 year−1, irrespective of stand biomass or age. 相似文献
35.
36.
37.
The regeneration characteristics of Picea jezoensis Carr. and Abies sachalinensis Masters on cut stumps in natural forest under selection cutting and natural regeneration were studied in a sub-boreal forest of the Hokkaido Tokyo University Forest. The following points were investigated: (1) what decay class of cut stumps are suitable for regeneration of the two conifer species; (2) what part, either a root collar or a cut surface, of a cut stump is suitable for regeneration; and (3) what percentages of cut stumps support conifer seedlings. The percentages of cut stumps that supported conifer seedlings increased as the decay class advanced, but slightly decreased in the latest stage of decay class, V. Both P. jezoensis and A. sachalinensis seedling densities per cut stump and per square meter of cut stumps increased as the decay class advanced. Some root collars in decay class IV supported A. sachalinensis seedlings, but few supported P. jezoensis. Densities of P. jezoensis per cut surface and per square meter of cut surface in decay class IV were higher than those of A. sachalinensis. On the other hand, densities of A. sachalinensis per root collar and per square meter of root collar in decay class IV were higher than those of P. jezoensis. Cut stumps in advanced decay classes are more suitable for regeneration of P. jezoensis and A. sachalinensis than those in early decay classes. Whereas a cut surface is more suitable for regeneration of P. jezoensis, a root collar is more suitable for regeneration of A. sachalinensis. Cut stumps are not sufficient to ensure enough conifer regeneration because not all conifer cut stumps in advanced decay classes support conifer seedlings. 相似文献
38.
Toru Kohama Nobuya Mizoue Satoshi Ito Akio Inoue Kotaro Sakuta Hiroyuki Okada 《Journal of Forest Research》2006,11(4):235-242
We examined the extent to which direct and indirect measures of light and microsite conditions could explain variation in
tree height and diameter at the base of 6-year-old Cryptomeria japonica trees planted in a group selection opening of about 0.32 ha on a steep slope at Shiiba, Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan.
We first used the gap light index (GLI) and soil thickness (ST) as directly measured indices. For an indirect measure of light, we used a between-cohort competition index (BCI) estimated from the position and total height of residual trees. For indirect measures of microsite, we examined topographic
indices (slope, plan and profile curvature, average slope gradient, and relative elevation) derived from digital elevation
models (DEMs) with different resolutions ranging from 2 to 10 m. The multiple linear regression using GLI and ST explained about 45% of variation in tree size, while simple regression using only GLI explained about 35%. The contribution of ST was about half of GLI. The multiple regressions using BCI and the topographic indices did not explain any more variation than using BCI alone (R
2 of about 0.26). We conclude that microsite conditions with shallower soil and steeper slope have negative effects on tree
growth in group selection openings, although the relative importance is smaller than light conditions. More comprehensive
studies considering several openings with more heterogeneous topography including different species are needed to generalize
our growth prediction using the indirect measures, which are useful for practical forest management. 相似文献
39.
Kuniyoshi Shimizu Shoko Fukunaga Keisuke Yoshikawa Ryuichiro Kondo 《Journal of Wood Science》2007,53(2):153-160
The effects of 120 methanol extracts prepared from bark and heartwood of 69 types of Japanese wood on the melanin production
of B16 melanoma cells were examined. The melanin content of B16 melanoma cells was determined spectrophotometrically at 405nm.
The extracts were also examined for their effects on cell viability. We found that the methanol extracts of Fagus crenata (buna, wood, 100μg/ml), Sapium sebiferum (Nankinhaze, wood, bark, 10μg/ml), and Zelkova serrata (keyaki, wood, 10μg/ml) greatly inhibited the melanin production of B16 melanoma cells without significant cytotoxicity.
However, these extracts did not inhibit tyrosinase activity at the concentration of 100μg/ml. These findings indicate that
the depigmenting mechanism of these extracts involves the suppression of some pigmenting signals in stimulating melanogenesis
rather than the inhibition of tyrosinase activity.
Part of this study was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, Japan, March 2003 相似文献
40.
We derived an allometric model of the height–diameter curve for even-aged pure stands, which was a modification of the earlier
model proposed by Inoue (2000a). An individual-dependent allometric equation was used as the height–diameter curve. Using
the discriminant analysis method, all trees composed of a stand were stratified into upper and lower trees. It was assumed
that both relationships between mean tree height H
m
and upper tree height H
u
and between mean DBH D
m
and mean DBH of upper trees D
u
could be described by the time-dependent allometric power equations. The height–diameter curve showed an average relationship
between tree height and DBH of a given stand at a given time, and hence it could be assumed that the height–diameter curve
contained two points (D
m
, H
m
) and (D
u
, H
u
). With these assumptions, we derived an allometirc model of height–diameter curve, which allowed the coefficients of the
curve to be estimated from mean tree height and mean DBH. The proposed model was fitted to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) data. The error ratio of the allometric model ranged from 2.254% to 13.412% (mean = 6.785%), which was significantly
smaller than that of the earlier model. When the error of mean tree height was ±1.0 m or less, the effect of the error of
mean tree height on the error ratio was comparatively small. This suggested that the error of ±1.0 m in mean tree height could
be accepted in the estimation of height–diameter curve using the allometric model. These features enable us to combine the
allometric model with Hirata’s vertical angle-count sampling or growth models. In conclusion, the allometric model would be
one of the most practical and convenient approaches for estimating the height–diameter relationship of even-aged pure stands. 相似文献