Biosorption of Ce(III) onto modified Pinus brutia leaf powder using central composite design

The biosorption of Ce(III) from aqueous solution by citric acid-modified Pinus brutia leaf powder was studied in a batch system as a function of initial pH, temperature, initial concentration of adsorbate, and contact time. Central composite design method was used in the experiments. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy (ΔH ⁰), entropy (ΔS ⁰), and free energy (ΔG ⁰) were calculated, and the results indicated that biosorption was exothermic. The biosorption of Ce(III) on modified Pinus brutia leaf powder was investigated by Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The results show that Ce(III) adsorption can be explained by Langmuir isotherm model, and monolayer capacity was found as 62.1?mg/g. The results suggested that the modification process enhances the biosorption capacity of the adsorbent, and modified Pinus brutia leaf powder may find promising applications for the recovery of Ce(III) from aqueous effluents.     

Effects of photoperiod on salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relation between salsolinol (SAL)‐induced prolactin (PRL) release and photoperiod in goats. A single intravenous (i.v.) injection of SAL was given to adult female goats under short (8 h light, 16 h dark) or long (16 h light, 8 h dark) photoperiod conditions at two different ambient temperatures (20°C or 5°C), and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared to that of thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) or a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist, sulpiride. SAL, as well as TRH or sulpiride, stimulated the release of PRL promptly after each injection in both 8‐ and 16‐h daily photoperiods at 20°C (P < 0.05). The area under the response curve (AUC) of PRL for the 60‐min period after injections of saline (controls), SAL, TRH and sulpiride in the 16‐h daily photoperiod group was greater than each corresponding value in the 8‐h daily photoperiod group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the AUC of PRL among the values produced after the injection of SAL, TRH and sulpiride in 16‐h daily photoperiod group; however, the values produced after the injection of TRH were smallest among the three in the 8‐h daily photoperiod group (P < 0.05). The PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, TRH and sulpiride under a short and long photoperiod condition at 5°C resembled those at 20°C. These results show that a long photoperiod highly enhances the PRL‐releasing response to SAL as well as TRH or sulpiride in either medium or low ambient temperature in goats.     

我国畜禽饲料资源中微量元素铜含量分布的调查

目的 研究我国不同地区间各种饲料原料中铜含量分布情况,以及我国畜禽基础饲粮中铜水平,从而为饲粮中合理添补铜提供依据。方法 对采自全国31个省、直辖市和自治区的7大类（谷物籽实、谷物籽实加工副产品、植物性蛋白饲料、动物性蛋白饲料、牧草类、秸秆类和矿物质饲料）37种饲料原料共3 903个饲料样品,经预处理后用MARS6高通量密闭微波消解系统进行微波消解,然后用IRIS Intrepid II等离子体发射光谱仪测定其铜含量。用国家标准物质猪肝粉或黄豆粉作为参照标准,以保证测定结果的可靠性。结果 饲料原料中铜含量测定结果表明：谷物籽实（包括玉米、小麦、稻谷和大麦）平均铜含量为3.95 mg·kg ^-1（范围为2.50—5.34 mg·kg ^-1）;谷物籽实加工副产品（包括玉米蛋白粉、玉米DDGS、玉米胚芽粕、次粉、小麦麸、小麦DDGS、碎米和米糠）平均铜含量为7.16 mg·kg ^-1（范围为1.62—12.13 mg·kg ^-1）;植物性蛋白饲料（包括膨化大豆、大豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、花生粕、亚麻粕和葵花粕）平均铜含量为16.37 mg·kg ^-1（范围为6.45—30.40 mg·kg ^-1）;动物性蛋白饲料（包括鱼粉、肉粉、水解羽毛粉、肠膜蛋白粉、血浆蛋白粉和血球蛋白粉）平均铜含量为11.14 mg·kg ^-1（范围为1.90—20.04 mg·kg ^-1）;牧草类（包括羊草、黑麦草、苜蓿和青贮玉米）平均铜含量为7.85 mg·kg ^-1（范围为4.31—9.92 mg·kg ^-1）;秸秆类（包括玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆、稻秸和甘薯藤）平均铜含量为7.50 mg·kg ^-1（范围为3.38—13.89 mg·kg ^-1）;矿物质饲料（包括石粉、磷酸氢钙、骨粉和贝壳粉）平均铜含量为6.79 mg·kg ^-1（范围为3.39—11.45 mg·kg ^-1）。这37种饲料原料的平均铜含量范围为1.62—30.40 mg·kg ^-1,而各类饲料原料铜含量分布规律是：植物性蛋白饲料（16.37 mg·kg ^-1）＞动物性蛋白饲料（11.14 mg·kg ^-1）＞牧草类饲料（7.85 mg·kg ^-1）＞秸秆类饲料（7.50 mg·kg ^-1）＞谷物籽实加工副产品（7.16 mg·kg ^-1）＞矿物质饲料（6.79 mg·kg ^-1）＞谷物籽实（3.95 mg·kg ^-1）。以省（区）为单位比较,发现不同地区间的玉米、小麦和大豆粕的铜含量差异显著（P＜0.05）。四川省玉米和大豆粕铜含量最高（分别为2.97和15.74 mg·kg ^-1）,内蒙古自治区最低（分别为1.66和11.72 mg·kg ^-1）;甘肃省小麦铜含量最高（5.61 mg·kg ^-1）,河北省最低（4.02 mg·kg ^-1）。根据全国各地猪、鸡常用的152个饲料配方计算出基础饲粮中可提供的铜含量为5.07—6.54 mg·kg ^-1,如根据我国及美国NRC猪、鸡饲养标准中铜营养需要量的要求,基础饲粮中的铜含量基本可提供猪的铜营养需要,可提供鸡大部分铜的营养需要,但上述估算尚未考虑不同饲料原料中铜的利用率。结论 我国不同种类和不同地区饲料原料中铜含量差异较大,全国猪、鸡常用基础饲粮配方中铜含量可提供猪、鸡大部分的铜营养需要量。因此,建议在配制饲粮时,应充分考虑不同地区基础饲粮中的铜含量及其利用率,精准配制饲粮,以满足畜禽高效生产需要,同时减少铜的添加和排放对环境的污染。     

基于掩模及亮度校正算法的脐橙表面缺陷分割

【目的】 本研究旨在有效解决果皮有缺陷的水果图像在去除背景时部分缺陷被误分割为背景,以及水果表面缺陷难以有效分割提取的问题。【方法】 以I分量图来构建掩模模板,根据其灰度直方图信息,通过双峰法选择单一阈值（T=75）分以纽荷尔脐橙为研究对象,提出基于HSI颜色空间模型法去除背景割背景并填充孔洞得到掩模模板I_mask,然后掩模模板I_mask与I分量图通过点乘运算得到去除背景的I分量图;提出基于多尺度高斯函数图像亮度校正算法对去除背景后的I分量图像进行亮度校正,通过构建多尺度高斯函数滤波器,将去除背景后的I分量图与构建的多尺度高斯函数进行卷积运算即得到去除背景后的I分量图像表面光照分量图,最后将去除背景后的I分量图与得到的光照分量图进行点除运算即得到去除背景后的I分量图像亮度校正图;然后采用单一全局阈值法对脐橙表面缺陷进行提取。【结果】 基于HSI颜色空间模型法去除背景,可在有效去除背景的同时完好保留脐橙的表面信息,有利于后续操作;基于多尺度高斯函数的图像亮度校正算法分别对6种常见脐橙缺陷进行图像亮度校正后采用单阈值法提取缺陷,使不同灰度等级的脐橙表面缺陷一次性分割成功,其中分割率最高为100%,最低为88.5%,整体达92.7%。通过试验分析后发现造成部分误分割或漏分割的原因主要在于部分缺陷果缺陷处颜色较轻,与正常区域灰度差较小,从而造成漏分割;还有部分缺陷果由于缺陷面积小,在图像形态学处理过程被误认为是噪声而被去除;同时发现正常果的误判率也达到了10.8%,经分析发现误判的正常果表皮组织区域的褶皱位于图像的边缘区域,从而被误认为是边缘区域的缺陷,导致误判。【结论】 基于HSI颜色空间模型法去除背景及基于多尺度高斯函数的图像亮度不均校正算法对纽荷尔脐橙图像背景分割和去除背景后的I分量图像表面亮度校正均取得了较好的效果,能有效识别脐橙缺陷区域,为脐橙精确分级提供了技术支持,也为其他果品表面缺陷快速检测提供了一种新思路。     

感染大肠杆菌F17湖羊羔羊脾脏中差异circRNA分析

【背景】羊大肠杆菌病是一种以剧烈腹泻和败血症为特征的急性传染病,是规模化羊场最为常见高发的细菌性疾病之一,尤其是初生羔羊易被产肠毒素大肠杆菌（ETEC）感染,引起羔羊腹泻,又叫羔羊白痢,使养殖场遭受严重的经济损失。而传统的抗生素治疗方案存在诸多缺陷。【目的】 本研究通过让湖羊羔羊口服大肠杆菌 F17菌株获得不腹泻和腹泻的羔羊个体,筛选出服用大肠杆菌F17菌毛后不腹泻与腹泻型个体中差异表达的circRNA,进而探究circRNA在绵羊抗腹泻中的作用,从而发现与抗大肠杆菌病性状相关的候选基因。从circRNA层面上,加深对绵羊拮抗大肠杆菌F17菌株的认识,确定绵羊拮抗大肠杆菌F17菌株的功能基因。【方法】用CIRI软件从头预测circRNA,利用RNA-seq技术,首次筛选出感染大肠杆菌F17菌株后不腹泻与腹泻型羔羊个体脾脏中差异表达的(DE)circRNA,对差异表达转录本进行GO富集分析,结合GO注释结果对其功能进行描述。统计每个GO条目中所包括的差异转录本个数,并用Fisher's exact test计算每个GO条目中差异转录本富集的显著性。然后随机选择6个DE circRNA,利用q-PCR分别验证这6个DE circRNA在不腹泻和腹泻组羔羊脾脏内的相对表达水平,进而利用Miranda软件来预测与miRNA结合的circRNA以及miRNA的靶基因,根据miRNA靶基因的功能注释来阐明此部分circRNA的功能,分析circRNA-miRNA-mRNA相互作用,最后用q-PCR验证circRNA在不腹泻组和腹泻组羔羊体内的相对表达水平。【结果】 绘制参考序列后,鉴定出已知的7 730个circRNA,DE circRNA与GO 数据库进行比对,发现一共有60条circRNA被注释和分类到297个功能亚类中。利用RNA-seq在不腹泻和腹泻羔羊脾脏中筛选出60个差异表达的(DE) circRNA,其中31个上调和29个下调,用q-PCR验证随机选择的6个DE circRNA在不腹泻组和腹泻组羔羊体内的相对表达水平,发现与RNA-seq结果一致。利用Miranda分析circRNA-miRNA-mRNA相互作用,发现6个circRNA、5个miRNA和8个mRNA之间存在一定的靶标关系,用q-PCR验证mRNA在不腹泻组和腹泻组羔羊体内的相对表达水平,发现与RNA-seq结果一致。【结论】 探究了对于不腹泻和腹泻羔羊脾脏中circRNA的表达谱,进一步了解其在绵羊抗病发生过程中的调控作用。发现了不腹泻和腹泻羔羊脾脏中差异表达的circRNA,有助于找出羔羊如何抵抗腹泻的发生机制,为羔羊抵抗腹泻提供科学的依据。     

F17大肠杆菌在湖羊羔羊个体脾脏中LncRNA表达谱变化

【目的】通过筛选对大肠杆菌（E.coli）F17菌毛非腹泻型与腹泻型的绵羊脾脏中差异表达的lncRNA,来探究lncRNA对绵羊抗腹泻的作用。【方法】本研究通过对湖羊羔羊口服E.coli F17菌株获得非腹泻和腹泻型个体,利用羔羊肠道细菌计数、病理组织切片验证攻毒成功性;构建非腹泻组和腹泻组羔羊脾脏的cDNA文库,使用Illumina HiSeq 2500平台进行配对测序;通过Gene Ontology（GO）和KEGG Pathway富集分析对差异表达转录本功能描述和细胞通路分析,利用FPKM法估计lncRNA和mRNA转录物的表达水平,并用高通量测序技术RNA-seq筛选出非腹泻和腹泻个体脾脏中的差异表达lncRNA;然后利用荧光定量PCR技术检测了非腹泻组和腹泻组羔羊脾脏组织中DE lncRNA和DE mRNA的表达水平,来验证筛选的DE lncRNA在非腹泻组过程中发挥作用。【结果】羔羊口服E.coli F17菌株后,出现非腹泻和腹泻两种表型,腹泻组羔羊肠道中的细菌数量显著高于非腹泻组（P<0.05）,同时腹泻组羔羊空肠黏膜组织出现不同程度的损伤,色泽暗沉,小肠绒毛部分脱落。笔者利用RNA-seq在非腹泻和腹泻羔羊脾脏中筛选出34个差异表达的（DE）lncRNA,703个的DE mRNA,随机选择一共12个DE lncRNA和DE mRNA,用q-PCR验证它们在非腹泻型和腹泻型羔羊体内的相对表达水平,发现与RNA-seq结果一致。通过Gene Ontology（GO）和KEGG Pathway富集分析,将DE lncRNA与GO 数据库进行比对的结果表明一共有34条lncRNA被注释和分类到302个功能亚类中,绵羊蛋白质结合（GO：0005515）,细胞核（GO：0005634）,poly（A）RNA结合（GO：0044822）,细胞质（GO：0005737）,组织重塑（GO：0048771）,内肽酶活性的调节（GO：0052548））,6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2,6-双磷酸酶复合物（GO：0043540）,磷脂酰肌醇磷酸化（GO：0046854）,果糖-2,6-二磷酸2-磷酸酶活性（GO：0004331）,钙依赖性磷脂酶C活性（GO：0050429）等10 个功能亚类的lncRNA较多,而其余的功能亚类的lncRNA分布较少。将DE lncRNA与KEGG 通路数据库进行比对的结果表明,一共有34条lncRNA被注释和归类到149个KEGG 通路中,绵羊甲状腺激素信号通路（路径：ko04919）,Spliceosome（路径：ko03040）,白细胞跨内皮迁移（路径：ko04670）,神经营养因子信号通路（路径：ko04722）,溶酶体（路径：ko04142）,MAPK信号通路 - 途径（路径： ko04011）,鞘脂信号通路（路径：ko04071）,吞噬体（路径：ko04145）,氧化磷酸化（路径：ko00190）等9 个KEGG 通路的lncRNA较多,而其余的KEGG 通路的lncRNA分布较少。 通过lncRNA-mRNA相互作用网络分析,发现6个共表达基因：MYO1G、TIMM29、CARM1、ADGRB1、SEPT4、DESI2。【结论】探究了对于腹泻产生非腹泻和腹泻型羔羊脾脏中lncRNA的表达谱,发现了非腹泻和腹泻羔羊脾脏中差异表达的lncRNA,有助于找出羔羊如何抵抗腹泻的发生机制,为羔羊抵抗腹泻提供科学的依据。     

Investigation of developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of macrolide antibiotics in cultured rat embryos

Macrolides are considered to be one of the safest anti-infective groups in clinical use, with severe adverse reactions being rare. However, there are limited data about their embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. We aimed to investigate and compare the effects of these agents on embryonic growth and development. Rat embryos were cultured in vitro for 48 h in rat serum. Whole rat serum was used as a culture medium for the control group while different concentrations of spiramycin and azithromycin (1.25-6.25 microg/ml), and clarithromycin (2.5-30 microg/ml) were added to rat serum for the experimental groups. Dose-dependent effects of macrolides on embryonic developmental parameters were compared using morphological methods. Embryos were evaluated for the presence of any malformations. After morphological examination of the embryos, total DNA was extracted from the cells using standard procedures to determine fragmentation of nuclear DNA of embryonic cells. When compared with the control embryos, the macrolides significantly decreased all growth and developmental parameters dose dependently. While clarithromycin was found to cause more developmental toxicity than spiramycin and azithromycin, azitromycin was determined to have more teratogenicity potential. Compared with controls, there was no difference regarding the fragmentation of nuclear DNA of all the agents used. According to these results, when the toxic and teratogenic potential of the used agents compared, because of the lower toxic and teratogenic effects observed with spiramycin, this agent may be preferred for parturients.     

Nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer improve pastures naturally growing under hazelnut trees

Abstract

This three-year study (2003–2005) aimed to improve the yield and quality of pastures growing naturally that are colonized by naturally occurring vegetation without agricultural input under hazelnut (Corylus sp.) orchards in the middle and eastern Black Sea regions of Turkey. There were eight treatments: 1) control; 2) fertilizer only (triple superphosphate 44% and calcium ammonium nitrate 26%) (80kg ha^?1 P and 60 kg ha^?1 N in Samsun; 100 kg ha^?1 P and 80 kg ha^?1 N in Ordu; 100 kg ha^?1 P and 40 kg ha^?1 N in Giresun); 3) lime only (calcium carbonate 94%) (3.0 t ha^?1 lime in Samsun; 4.5 t ha^?1 lime in Ordu and Giresun); 4) early cut only; 5) soil aeration only; 6) fertilizer+lime; 7) fertilizer+lime+early cut; 8) fertilizer+lime+soil aeration, laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates at each location. The highest dry matter (DM) yield of kg ha^?1 and crude protein content (%) was obtained from the treatments that included fertilizer. There was no difference in DM production between any of the combination treatments that involved fertilizer and the fertilizer alone treatment. Only lime and aeration applications also increased yield compared to control, but not as much as did any treatment including fertilizer. Crude protein content of the pasture ranged from 13.3 to 18.1% across locations. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer are recommended to improve DM yields and herbage quality for pastures under hazelnut orchards.