微波杀灭霉变玉米中寄生曲霉动力学模型

为描述微波对霉菌的杀菌过程和预测杀菌效果,建立了微波对霉变玉米中寄生曲霉孢子的杀菌动力学模型.在50～75C的微波加热条件下获得了寄生曲霉孢子的致死曲线.选取线性模型、Weibull模型和Weibull 简化模型来拟合微波杀菌的动力学过程,以决定系数、均方误差、精确因子和偏差因子作为模型拟合度优劣的评判指标.结果表明,Weibull模型较线性模型能更好地拟合微波处理下寄生曲霉孢子失活动力学变化;Weibull模型简化后与原模型具有相似的拟合性,可有效预测特定温度-时间组合下的微波灭菌效果;通过Weibull模型预测微波杀菌时间可避免线性模型导致的杀菌不彻底或者过度杀菌的现象.     

基于相关向量机的双变量施肥控制序列优化

提高变量施肥精度和均匀性的关键在于减小变量机构的响应时间,选择最佳控制参数。提出了一种基于相关向量机的开度转速双变量施肥控制序列决策方法。首先考虑了施肥处方中前、中、后相邻3次施肥量的相互影响,综合了开度和转速的响应时间和工作死区等特性,利用非线性规划方法实现最佳控制参数的决策,避免了小施肥量下的大开度、小转速现象,减小了对外槽轮脉动性的影响。为了协调车载计算机运算能力与控制响应的矛盾,利用相关向量机实现了施肥控制序列的近优实时计算。室内试验结果表明,平均施肥误差比原方法减小了4%,同时该方法有效地避免了极端情况下电动机无法驱动排肥转轴的情况。田间作业试验证明,使用该方法的施肥机指令响应及时,施肥均匀、准确,证明了方法的实用性。     

基于LabVIEW的搅拌机控制系统设计

当搅拌机内的物料粘度发生较大变化时,需要对搅拌机的速度进行相应的控制.为了实现控制过程的自动化,设计了一种基于LabVIEW的、直流电机驱动的搅拌机控制系统.通过检测搅拌机主轴的负载转矩,结合相关的硬件,利用LabVIEW完成数据采集、分析和处理,进而完成对搅拌机转速的实时控制.通过建立直流电动机的动态数学模型,对控制过程进行了模拟仿真.     

番茄不孕病毒BJ株系基因组测定与侵染性克隆

番茄不孕病毒(Tomato aspermy virus,TAV)可侵染包括藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、茄科(Solanaceae)等在内的24个双子叶家族和3个单子叶家族的100多种植物,是具有重要经济价值的植物病毒之一.为研究TAV BJ株系(Tomato aspermy virus,TAV-BJ)的基因组功能,本实验对TAV-BJ基因组克隆测序,并构建侵染性克隆.以TAV-BJ侵染心叶烟(ic otiana glutinosa)的总RNA为模板,RT-PCR获得其RNA2和RNA3;以TAV-BJ的dsRNA为模板,RT-PCR获得全长RNA1,目的片段PCR产物克隆测序获得TAV-BJ基因组全序列信息.RNA1全长3 409 nt,编码994个氨基酸的1a蛋白;RNA2全长3 023 nt,含2个开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),2a ORF编码829个氨基酸的2a蛋白,2b ORF编码78个氨基酸的2b蛋白;RNA3全长为2 216 nt,包含2个ORF,3a ORF编码247个氨基酸的3a蛋白,外壳蛋白(coat protein,CP)ORF 编码219个氨基酸的CP蛋白(TAV-BJ基因组RNA1、2和3 GenBank登录号分别为HQ424163,HQ424164和HQ424165).TAV-BJ基因组cDNA克隆体外转录成RNA并接种于心叶烟上,结果表明转录产物在寄主上的症状反应和TAV-BJ病毒粒子RNA的接种相一致,TAV-BJ基因组cDNA侵染性克隆具有活性.由TAV-BJ各个基因片段与缺失2b基因的黄瓜花叶病毒Fny株系(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV-Fny△2b)构建的假重组病毒接种于心叶烟,结果显示TAV-BJ的RNA2和RNA3能恢复CMV-Fny△2b在寄主上症状反应.嵌合型RNA3F3aTcp和RNA3T3aFcp的症状反应结果表明,F1F2△2bRNA3 T3aFcp在寄主上产生花叶症状与F1 F2△2bT3相一致.本研究获得TAV-BJ的基因组序列,成功构建侵染性克隆,同时发现TAV-BJ的3a基因具有CMV-Fny的2b基因的某些功能.     

Comparison of biological parameters between the invasive B biotype and a new defined Cv biotype of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> (Hemiptera: Aleyradidae) in China

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a widely distributed and destructive agricultural pest on various host plants. The biology of two biotypes of B. tabaci: the invasive B and a new defined Cv biotype, on a range of host plants (hibiscus, laurel, poinsettia, collard, cucumber and tomato) were studied in the laboratory. Results revealed that the developmental periods of the B biotype immatures were not significantly different on the tested host plants except those between laurel and collard. The Cv biotype immatures developed significantly slower on cucumber and tomato than on the other plants. B. tabaci B biotype had the highest survivorship on collard (68.55%), and the lowest on laurel (33.24%), while the Cv biotype had the highest and lowest survivorships on laurel (61.63%) and tomato (36.74%). Host plants did not significantly affect the pre-ovipostion period regardless of biotype. The longest averaged longevity and highest fecundity of B biotype were both recorded on collard: 25.15 days and 143.0 eggs. The highest fecundity of Cv biotype was 196.49 eggs on laurel and its longest longevity was on hibiscus (19.62 days). The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m) of B biotype on the three vegetables were all higher than those on the three ornamentals whereas the r _m of Cv biotype on the three ornamentals were all higher that those on the three vegetables. Our research indicates that B. tabaci B and Cv biotypes have different host plant suitabilities. The three tested vegetables were more suitable for B biotype while the three tested ornamental plants were more suitable for Cv biotype. The potential mechanism for the different suitability of B and Cv biotypes on various host plants is also discussed.     

湿式氨法烟气脱硫技术国内适用性探讨

分析了湿式氨法脱硫技术在我国烟气治理方面的适用性,通过与目前占主导地位的石灰石-石膏法进行综合性比较,发现湿式氨法脱硫技术工艺虽不够成熟,但其在经济和环境特性方面优势明显,非常适合我国国情,应大力发展并推广应用.     

Molecular characterization of tetracycline- and quinolone-resistant Aeromonas salmonicida isolated in Korea

The antibiotic resistance of 16 Aeromonas (A.) salmonicida strains isolated from diseased fish and environmental samples in Korea from 2006 to 2009 were investigated in this study. Tetracycline or quinolone resistance was observed in eight and 16 of the isolates, respectively, based on the measured minimal inhibitory concentrations. Among the tetracycline-resistant strains, seven of the isolates harbored tetA gene and one isolate harbored tetE gene. Additionally, quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) consisting of the gyrA and parC genes were amplified and sequenced. Among the quinolone-resistant A. salmonicida strains, 15 harbored point mutations in the gyrA codon 83 which were responsible for the corresponding amino acid substitutions of Ser⁸³→Arg⁸³ or Ser⁸³→Asn⁸³. We detected no point mutations in other QRDRs, such as gyrA codons 87 and 92, and parC codons 80 and 84. Genetic similarity was assessed via pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and the results indicated high clonality among the Korean antibiotic-resistant strains of A. salmonicida.     

Efficacy of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance and noxious gas emission in growing pigs

We investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics (synbiotics) on growth performance, noxious gas emission and fecal pathogenic bacteria populations in growing pigs. The basal diet, which contained approximately 25% corn, 24% whey, 12% wheat and 12% soybean meal, was supplemented alternatively with 0.15% antibiotics (US diet), prebiotics and 0.2% probiotics from anaerobic bacteria (BS diet), yeast (YS diet), mold (MS diet) or compounds (CS diet). One hundred and fifty pigs were fed an experimental diet for 15 days. Although the growth performance was not affected by supplemental synbiotics, the BS group showed higher dry matter and crude protein digestibility. The BS group decreased fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions, and increased fecal acetate gas emission compared with the US group. All synbiotics groups decreased in fecal propionate gas emission. Fecal Escherichia coli population was lower in the synbiotics groups than in the US group. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics exert similar effects with antibiotics on the nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in growing pigs. Moreover, synbiotics can also decrease the fecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs.     

Analysis of methanogenic archaeal communities of rumen fluid and rumen particles from Korean black goats

Molecular diversity of methanogens in the rumen of Korean black goats was investigated with 16S rRNA gene clone libraries using methanogen‐specific primers. The libraries were composed of rumen fluid‐associated methanogens (FAM) and rumen particle‐associated methanogens (PAM) from rumen‐fistulated Korean black goats. Among the 141 clones of the FAM library, the sequences were mostly related to two phyla, the Methanobacteriaceae family (77.3%) and the Thermoplasmatales family (22.7%); and among the 68 clones of the PAM library, sequences were also mainly clustered in the two phyla, the Thermoplasmatales family (63.24%) and the Methanobacteriaceae family (35.29%). Most of the sequenced clones in the two libraries were closely related to uncultured methanogenic archaeon. Quantitative real‐time PCR revealed that PAM (8.97 log 10) had significantly higher (P < 0.01) density of methanogens by the methanogenic 16S rRNA gene copies than FAM (7.57 log 10). The two clone libraries also showed difference in Shannon index (FAM library 1.70 and PAM library 1.59) and Chao 1 estimator (FAM library 18 and PAM library 17 operational taxonomic units). Apparent differences found in the microbial community from the two 16S rRNA gene libraries could be a result of such factors as the chemical and physical nature of the target material surface, types or component of diets, the interaction between the methanogens and other microbes, and age of the experimental goats.