在纤毛狼尾草为主的草原上植物叶片以及生态系统的气体交换对夏季降水的响应特征

Sporadic rain events that occur during summer play an important role in the initiation of biological activity of semi-arid grasslands.To understand how ecosystem processes of a buffel grass(Cenchrus ciliaris L.)-dominated grassland respond to summer rain events,an LI 6 400 gas exchange system was used to measure the leaf gas exchange and plant canopy chambers were used to measure net ecosystem CO2exchange(NEE) and ecosystem respiration(Reco), which were made sequentially during periods before rain(dry) and after rain(wet). Gross ecosystem photosynthesis(GEP) was estimated from NEE and Reco fluxes, and light use efficiency parameters were estimated using a rectangular hyperbola model. Prior to the monsoon rain, grassland biomass was non-green and dry exhibiting positive NEE(carbon source) and low GEP values during which the soil water became increasingly scarce. An initial rain pulse(60 mm) increased the NEE from pre-monsoon levels to negative NEE(carbon gain) with markedly higher GEP and increased green biomass. The leaf photosynthesis and leaf stomatal conductance were also improved substantially. The maximum net CO2uptake(i.e.,negative NEE) was sustained in the subsequent period due to multiple rain events. As a result, the grassland acted as a net carbon sink for 20 d after first rain. With cessation of rain(drying cycle), net CO2 uptake was reduced to lower values. High sensitivity of this grassland to rain suggests that any decrease in precipitation in summer may likely affect the carbon sequestration of the semiarid ecosystem.     

Quantitative studies of the in vitro production of pipecolic acid by rumen protozoa and its degradation by rumen bacteria

An in vitro study was conducted to quantitatively investigate the metabolism of pipecolic acid (Pip), a neuromodulator, by mixed rumen bacteria (B), mixed rumen protozoa (P), a combination of B and P (BP), species‐enriched rumen protozoal suspension (Polyplastron sp., Diploplastron sp., entodinia and Entodinium caudatum) and pure cultures of several isolates of rumen bacteria (Prevetolla bryantii, Prevetolla albensis, Streptococcus bovis, Veillonella parvula, Megasphaera elsdenii and Ruminococcus albus). Only P produced Pip from L‐lysine (1.0 mmol/L L‐Lys) at a rate of 83.5 ± 1.6 µmol/L/h and even in BP, Pip was produced from L‐Lys by P and increased at a rate of 31.2 ± 3.8 µmol/L/h. Pip production by P was highest when the substrate (L‐Lys) concentration was 6 mmol/L and then the rate was 580 ± 36 µmol/L/h. Pipecolic acid production by P suspension enriched with different species of protozoa showed that Polyplastron sp. had the highest Pip production rate of 0.907 ± 0.092 µmol/L/mg protozoal protein per h, and Diploplastron sp. had the lowest rate of 0.55 ± 0.13 µmol/L/mg protozoal protein per h. The addition of D‐Lys (1.0 mmol/L) as a substrate to the P suspension revealed that P were also able to produce Pip from D‐Lys, though at a lower rate (1/3) compared with L‐Lys (1.0 mmol/L), suggesting the presence of epimerases in P. It was confirmed that B were unable to produce Pip from L‐ or D‐Lys. Only B degraded Pip (1.0 mmol/L) after a lag phase at a rate of 56.0 ± 1.5 µmol/L/h. The B suspension was able to degrade D‐Lys, though the products were not identified. Pip degradation by pure culture of some species of rumen bacteria showed that P. bryantii and R. albus had the highest rate followed by P. albensis, S. bovis and M. elsdenii with a low rate of Pip degradation. Veillonella parvula showed no ability to degrade Pip. The results suggest that a fairly large proportion of rumen‐produced Pip is likely to be absorbed by the host animal before degradation by rumen bacteria.     

Crop photosynthetic response to light quality and light intensity

Under natural conditions, plants constantly encounter various biotic and abiotic factors, which can potentially restrict plant growth and development and even limit crop productivity. Among various abiotic factors affecting plant photosynthesis, light serves as an important factor that drives carbon metabolism in plants and supports life on earth. The two components of light(light quality and light intensity) greatly affect plant photosynthesis and other plant's morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters. The response of plants to different spectral radiations and intensities differs in various species and also depends on growing conditions. To date, much research has been conducted regarding how different spectral radiations of varying intensity can affect plant growth and development. This review is an effort to briefly summarize the available information on the effects of light components on various plant parameters such as stem and leaf morphology and anatomy, stomatal development, photosynthetic apparatus, pigment composition, reactive oxygen species(ROS) production, antioxidants, and hormone production.     

The Effect of Irrigation Management and Nitrogen Fertilizer On Grain Yield and Water-use Efficiency of Rice Cultivars in Northern Iran

Gesunde Pflanzen - Alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI) is a water-conserving strategy in rice fields. An experiment, conducted as a split-split plot design and based on...     

套作对大豆苗期茎秆纤维素合成相关糖类物质转化的影响及其与叶片光合的关系

【目的】从纤维素合成相关糖类物质转化的角度,阐明玉米大豆套作模式下,大豆苗期茎秆光形态建成的机理。【方法】在大豆单作和玉米大豆套作两种种植模式下,以强耐荫大豆南豆12和弱耐荫大豆南032-4为试验材料,对叶片光合速率和茎秆总碳、纤维素、可溶性糖、蔗糖、β-1,3-葡聚糖等含量进行测定和分析。【结果】与单作相比,套作大豆由于受到玉米荫蔽,苗期光合速率显著降低,但材料间对套作的反应程度不同,强耐荫大豆南豆12受套作荫蔽的影响程度相对较小,在套作下表现出较强的光合能力;套作显著降低了大豆叶片和茎秆的总碳含量,但南豆12的降低幅度显著低于南032-4。相关分析表明叶片光合速率与叶片和茎秆的总碳含量、茎秆的纤维素含量均呈极显著正相关（r=0.952,0.935,0.825,P＜0.01）,说明荫蔽通过影响大豆叶片的光合速率,减少了光合产物的积累和向茎秆中的分配,导致大豆植株茎秆纤维素含量降低;强耐荫大豆南豆12在荫蔽下的光合速率较高,光合产物积累较多,适合套作种植。在整个苗期,虽然套作大豆茎秆可溶性糖含量均显著低于单作,但β-1,3-葡聚糖和蔗糖含量在大豆出苗后30-51 d却表现为套作显著高于单作,且在套作模式下,两个大豆糖类物质转化率差异显著;同一种植模式下,强耐荫大豆南豆12茎秆可溶性糖、蔗糖和β-1,3-葡聚糖的含量和转化率均显著或极显著高于南032-4。对纤维素沉积方式分析表明,同一大豆材料,单作模式下茎秆纤维素快速累积时间和累积速率要高于套作;同一种植模式下,强耐荫大豆南豆12纤维素快速累积时间要短于南032-4,但差异较小,而累积速率要高于南032-4,最终导致南豆12的茎秆纤维素含量显著高于南032-4。【结论】套作荫蔽降低了大豆叶片的光合能力,减少了光合产物向茎秆的运输量和茎秆填充物的含量,改变了茎秆纤维素的沉积方式,使得纤维素的含量降低;而强耐荫性大豆南豆12在套作模式下能保持较高光合能力和茎秆纤维素合成能力,具有较强的抗倒伏性。     

Effect of different dietary zinc sources on seminal plasma enzymatic activity,antioxidant, and immune-related gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Aquaculture International - The objective of the present work was to survey the effects of different sources of zinc supplements on serum enzymatic activities, the expression of genes related to...     

An overview on biochar production, its implications, and mechanisms of biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics

The degradation of soil fertility and quality due to rapid industrialization and human activities has stimulated interest in the rehabilitation of low-fertility soils to sustainably improve crop yield. In this regard, biochar has emerged as an effective multi-beneficial additive that can be used as a medium for the amelioration of soil properties and plant growth. The current review highlights the methods and conditions for biochar production and the effects of pyrolysis temperature, feedstock type, and retention time on the physicochemical properties of biochar. We also discuss the impact of biochar as a soil amendment with respect to enhancing soil physical (e.g., surface area, porosity, ion exchange, and water-holding capacity) and chemical (e.g., pH, nutrient exchange,functional groups, and carbon sequestration) properties, improving the soil microbiome for increased plant nutrient uptake and growth, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing infectious diseases in plants, and facilitating the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. The possible mechanisms for biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics are also described, and we consider the challenges associated with biochar utilization. The findings discussed in this review support the feasibility of expending the application of biochar to improve degraded soils in industrial and saline-alkali regions, thereby increasing the usable amount of cultivated soil. Future research should include long-term field experiments and studies on biochar production and environmental risk management to optimize biochar performance for specific soil remediation purposes.     

Allelopathic potential of Acacia melanoxylon on the germination and root growth of native species

Water extracts that were obtained from the flowers and phyllodes of Acacia melanoxylon were used to determine their allelopathic potential in relation to the germination and seedling growth of the native species, cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and common sorrel (Rumex acetosa), as well as a general biotest specie, lettuce (Lactuca sativa), in laboratory bioassays. The flowers and phyllodes of A. melanoxylon were soaked separately in distilled water in a ratio of 1:1 (w/v) for 24 h in order to prepare the aqueous extracts. Distilled water was used as the control. The seeds of the target species were germinated in Petri dishes and counted daily for up to 7 days. The A. melanoxylon flower extract (100%, 75%, and 50%) decreased the seed germination of D. glomerata, R. acetosa, L. perenne, and L. sativa. The flower extract caused the most reduction in the germination index and germination speed in D. glomerata, L. perenne, and L. sativa. The mean LC₅₀ value of the A. melanoxylon flower and phyllode extracts in relation to the germination inhibition of L. perenne was 43% and 41%, respectively, 40% and 38%, respectively, in R. acetosa, and 53% and 41%, respectively, in L. sativa. All four concentrations of the flower extract proved to be more phytotoxic than the phyllode extract, reducing the root length of all four species, while the phyllode extract decreased the root length of L. perenne and R. acetosa at the 100% concentration. The L. perenne and D. glomerata grass seeds were more sensitive regarding germination, as compared to L. sativa and R. acetosa. The flower aqueous extract of A. melanoxylon was more phytotoxic, as compared to the phyllode aqueous extract, even at the lowest concentration (25%).