Observations on blood coagulation after snakebite in dogs and cats

Blood samples from 13 cases of snakebite, 6 in dogs and 7 in cats, were tested for activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Four cases were tested for fibrinogen concentration. Based on the results of a commercially available ELISA test, 9 cases were caused by tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) and 1 case by a brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis). Three other cases had clinical signs and increased creatine phosphokinase values which suggested tiger snake envenomation. Although the period post-envenomation varied, results indicated a marked prolongation of the APTT and PT in 5 of 6 dogs. Three of these 5 dogs also had increased FDP values and 3 (of 3 examined) were hypofibrinogenaemic. Clinical manifestations of this coagulopathy were: haematoma formation after venepuncture (3 cases), gingival petechiae (1 case) and hyphaema (1 case). In contrast, there was minimal or no prolongation of the APTT and PT values, and no increase in FDP, in all 7 cats. Furthermore, no cat exhibited clinical signs of a coagulopathy.     

舒泰对野生猕猴麻醉效果的观察

利用舒泰50(替来它明和唑拉西泮合剂)对36只野生猕猴按(5.79±1.28)mg/kg的剂量肌肉注射进行麻醉,麻醉期间对镇痛、镇静、肌松、呼吸、心率、血压、体温及血氧饱和度等指标进行监测.结果显示:舒泰对猕猴的诱导期为(2.72±1.72)min,平均诱导效果判定为"极好",麻醉期间体温为(38.74±0.46)℃,...     

不同湿度和氨水平对肉仔鸡抗氧化性能及肉品质的影响

本研究旨在探讨鸡舍内不同湿度和氨浓度对肉仔鸡机体抗氧化性能和肉品质的影响.试验选用健康、体质量相近的21日龄AA雄性肉仔鸡192只,随机分为2组.一组为高氨组(暴露于70 mg·kg-1氨气,H),另一组是低氨组(暴露于30 mg·kg-1氨气,L).其中每一组的一半分别置于60％湿度(对照组,C),另一半置于35％湿度(处理组,T),这样组成4个试验组,对照1:60％湿度+30 mg·kg-1氨水平组(C+L)、对照2:60%湿度+70 mg·kg-1氨水平组(C+H)、处理1:35％湿度+30 mg·kg-1氨水平组(T+L),以及处理2:35％湿度+70 mg· kg-1氨水平组(T+H),试验期21 d.试验结束时测定肉仔鸡生产性能,血液及肌肉抗氧化性能和肉品质相关指标.试验结果表明,高氨(70 mg· kg-1)水平显著降低肉仔鸡结束体质量,平均日采食量,日增体质量,血液及肌肉中总抗氧化力及肉仔鸡宰后45 min时的胸肌a*值(P＜0.05);增加了胸肌存放5d时硫代巴比妥酸反应物水平(TBARS)含量,胸肌滴水损失率,宰后45 min时的胸肌b*值(P＜0.05)和L*值(P=0.054)及肌肉剪切力(P=0.075).低湿(35％相对湿度)处理降低了肉仔鸡试验结束体质量(P＜0.05),平均日采食量(P＜0.05)及平均日增体质量(P=0.072),胸肌中超氧化物歧化酶及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P＜0.05)及宰后45 min时的胸肌L*值(P=0.053);增加了肌肉剪切力(P=0.057)和胸肌存放5及7d时的TBARS含量(P＜0.05).与低氨对照组(C+L)相比,高氨低湿组处理组(T+H)肉仔鸡的试验结束体质量、平均日采食量、平均日增体质量、血清总抗氧化力、胸肌中总超氧化物歧化酶及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,胸肌宰后45 min a*值均显著降低(P＜0.05),而宰后5及7d肌肉中TBARS含量、肌肉中滴水损失及肌肉剪切力均显著提高(P＜0.05).本研究结果揭示肉仔鸡舍内高氨(70 mg·kg-1)及低湿度均显著降低了肉仔鸡生产性能、机体抗氧化能力及肌肉品质,且低湿度环境加剧了高氨的不良影响.     

苜蓿抗寒性研究进展

在国内外大量研究成果的基础上,对苜蓿经过低温胁迫后的形态、生理生化方面的变化,苜蓿秋眠性与抗寒性的关系,现代生物技术以及辐射诱变和太空搭载在苜蓿抗寒育种中的应用进行了系统阐述,讨论了当前苜蓿抗寒性研究工作中存在的不足,并对未来的研究重点进行了展望。     

Cardiovascular effects of sevoflurane in Holstein calves

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of sevoflurane in calves. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals Six, healthy, 8–12‐week‐old Holstein calves weighing 80 ± 4.5 (mean ± SEM) kg were studied. Methods Anesthesia was induced by face‐mask administration of 7% sevoflurane in O₂. Calves tracheae were intubated, placed in right lateral recumbency, and maintained with 3.7% end‐tidal concentration sevoflurane for 30 minutes to allow catheterization of the auricular artery and placement of a Swan‐Ganz thermodilution catheter into the pulmonary artery. After instrumentation, administration of sevoflurane was temporarily discontinued until mean arterial pressure was > 100 mm Hg. Baseline values were recorded and the vaporizer output increased to administer 3.7% end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration. Ventilation was controlled to maintain normocapnia. The following were recorded at 5, 10, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after collection of baseline data and expressed as the mean value (± SEM): direct systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures; cardiac output; mean pulmonary arterial pressure; pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, heart rate; and pulmonary arterial temperature. Cardiac index and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance values were calculated using standard formulae. Arterial blood gases were analyzed at baseline, and at 15 and 45 minutes. Differences from baseline values were determined using one‐way analysis of variance for repeated measures with post‐hoc differences between mean values identified using Dunnet's test (p < 0.05). Results Mean time from beginning sevoflurane administration to intubation of the trachea was 224 ± 9 seconds. The mean end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration at baseline was 0.7 (± 0.11)%. Sevoflurane anesthesia was associated with decreased arterial blood pressure at all sampling times. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased from a baseline value of 112 ± 7 mm Hg to a minimum value of 88 ± 4 mm Hg at 5 minutes. Compared with baseline, arterial pH was decreased at 15 minutes. Pulmonary arterial blood temperature was decreased at 15, 30 and 45 minutes. Arterial CO₂ tension increased from a baseline value of 43 ± 3 to 54 ± 4 mm Hg (5.7 ± 0.4 to 7.2 ± 0.3 kPa) at 15 minutes. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was increased at 30 and 45 minutes. Pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure increased from a baseline value of 18 ± 2 to 23 ± 2 mm Hg at 45 minutes. There were no significant changes in other measured variables. All calves recovered from anesthesia uneventfully. Conclusion We conclude that sevoflurane for induction and maintenance of anesthesia was effective and reliable in these calves and that neither hypotension nor decreased cardiac output was a clinical concern. Clinical relevance Use of sevoflurane for mask induction and maintenance of anesthesia in young calves is a suitable alternative to injectable and other inhalant anesthetics.     

Adaptation of thermal threshold analgesiometry for NSAIDs in cats: effects of ketoprofen

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to provide analgesia in clinical veterinary medicine, but there are few objective data evaluating this effect under controlled conditions in cats. Analgesia is more difficult to detect with acute analgesiometry after NSAIDs than after opioids. This investigation aimed to adapt the feline thermal analgesiometry method previously employed with opioids ( Dixon et al. 2002 ) for use with NSAIDs. Ketoprofen, a COX1 inhibitor licensed for cats was chosen. Six cats (2 neutered, four entire females, weighing 2.2–5.4 kg) were studied in two blinded randomized crossover trials each at least 2 weeks apart. Thermal thresholds (TT) were measured using the thermal threshold‐testing device previously developed for cats. A heater element and temperature sensor in a small probe were held at constant pressure against the cats' shaved thorax with an elasticized band. Skin temperature was recorded before each test, then the heater activated. When the cat responded by flinching, turning or jumping the heater was turned off and the temperature recorded. In the first study TT were measured following subcutaneous (SC) injection of ketoprofen (2 mg kg^?1) or a similar volume of saline. In the second study, prior to TT, and under isoflurane restraint, a mild inflammatory focus was produced at the probe site by five SC injections of 5 mg kaolin in 0.1 mL saline at each corner and in the center of a 1.5‐cm square. Saline or ketoprofen as in the first study were injected at the same time. Three baseline temperatures were recorded before any injections were given. Thermal thresholds were measured at 1 and 2 hours and then two‐hourly for 24 hours. Data were analysed using anova . Baseline skin temperature increased (37.3 ± 0.5–38.1 ± 0.8 °C) 24 hours after saline injection in study 2 (p < 0.05) but did not change after any other treatment. Thermal thresholds decreased (40.0 ± 1.3 to 39.1 ± 0.4 °C) 16 hours after ketoprofen in study 1 (p < 0.05) and increased (41.6 ± 1.5–44.8 ± 6.1 °C) 16–24 hours after ketoprofen in study 2 (p < 0.05), with no significant changes after saline. No obvious increase in sensitivity to thermal stimulation after kaolin injection was detected although obvious inflammation was present for up to 36 hours and the cats responded to digital pressure at the treated site. The method detected some effects of a COX1 selective NSAID and may be suitable for future NSAID studies in cats. However, a pressure stimulus ( Dixon et al. 2000) may prove better than thermal, and it requires investigation.     

Re: Advances in animal welfare in New Zealand

Extract

The review article which appeared in the Jubilee Issue of the New Zealand Veterinary Journal (Stafford et al 2002) provided a good summary of recent research into the animal suffering associated with normal farming practices and pest control. In many cases, such research has been helpful in making improvements to animal welfare regulations, and the knowledge gained may prove even more useful in making further beneficial changes during the current submission round on codes of ethical conduct.     

GC-MS分析慢性氨气应激对肉鸡血清代谢物的影响

【目的】随着养殖业集约化和规模化的发展,舍内环境对畜禽生长的影响日益突出。在密闭舍饲条件下,不断产生有毒有害气体,其中氨气的危害最大,降低畜禽生产性能,威胁动物健康。为此开展慢性氨气应激对肉鸡血清代谢物影响的研究,从小分子物质和代谢途径方面探究氨气导致机体代谢发生的变化,为舍内氨气的合理调控提供数据支持。【方法】试验采用单因素完全随机设计,将96只21日龄健康AA肉鸡随机分成对照组和试验组,每组设4个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组氨气浓度为0 mg·kg ^-1,试验组氨气浓度为45 mg·kg ^-1。试验在人工模拟呼吸舱内进行,呼吸舱采用全自动化控制温湿度等养殖条件,采用网上平养,自由采食和饮水,24h 光照,试验期为21d。在肉鸡42日龄时,从每个重复中随机抽取2只,翅静脉采血,分离血清。将血清样品预处理后,采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术（gas chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer technology, GC-MS）检测代谢产物,利用质谱数据库对其进行鉴定。通过主成分分析、偏最小二乘法判别分析、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析、t-检验等,寻找差异代谢物,并利用生物信息学方法对差异代谢物进行通路富集分析。【结果】（1）利用 GC-MS 方法,结合质谱数据库对检测到的代谢物进行快速鉴定,在肉鸡血清中共检测到204种代谢物。将代谢组数据导入SIMCA-P软件进行多元统计分析,结合t-检验筛选出 23种差异代谢物,其中上调19个,下调4个。（2）差异代谢物主要涉及能量代谢（乳酸、α-酮戊二酸）、氨基酸代谢（L-别苏氨酸、L-高丝氨酸、烟酰甘氨酸）、脂肪酸代谢（硬脂酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸、胆固醇）以及核苷酸代谢（次黄嘌呤、尿嘧啶、胸腺嘧啶）等。（3）代谢通路富集分析表明,氨气应激主要影响了肉鸡血清的脂肪代谢通路,如亚油酸代谢、花生四烯酸代谢以及α-亚麻酸代谢。【结论】GC-MS较为全面地检测到血清的代谢物,能够准确地筛选出差异代谢物,同时慢性氨气应激显著影响肉鸡的血清代谢物含量,主要影响脂肪代谢通路,为阐明氨气应激影响营养代谢的机制提供参考。     

猪仿生消化中小肠阶段消化酶对饲粮总能与粗蛋白质消化率的贡献

本试验旨在探讨猪仿生消化中小肠阶段主要消化酶的组成及活性对饲粮养分消化率的贡献,为仿生消化法评定猪饲粮养分的消化率提供参考。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,5个处理分别为胃模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶)模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶+糜蛋白酶)模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶+糜蛋白酶+胰蛋白酶)模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶+糜蛋白酶+胰蛋白酶+小肠消化4 h时补充消化酶)模拟消化,每个处理5个重复,每个重复1根消化管。考察各处理条件下玉米、豆粕、小麦麸及玉米-豆粕型饲粮的干物质、粗蛋白质及总能消化率的差异和各消化酶的贡献。结果表明:1)模拟小肠液中淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶均可显著提高胃消化后玉米、豆粕、小麦麸及玉米-豆粕型饲粮的干物质、粗蛋白质以及总能的消化率(P<0.05);胰蛋白酶可以进一步提高胃消化后豆粕、小麦麸的干物质、粗蛋白质以及总能消化率(P<0.05);补充3种消化酶可以提高对小麦麸粗蛋白质及玉米-豆粕型饲粮干物质、粗蛋白质及总能的消化率(P<0.05)。2)小肠液中消化酶对饲粮养分消化率的贡献上,因饲粮底物的不同而异,其中淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶对总能和粗蛋白质消化率的贡献相对较高,而胰蛋白酶和补充消化酶对饲粮养分消化率的贡献虽然相对较少,但也可以引起消化率显著性差异(P<0.05)。在猪的小肠模拟消化阶段,淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶及补充消化酶对饲粮养分的消化程度均有显著性贡献。     

基于动物福利的羊捻转血矛线虫病防控技术研究进展

捻转血矛线虫是牛羊等反刍动物常见的寄生蠕虫,该虫寄生在牛羊等宿主体内,可导致宿主贫血,给畜牧业生产带来巨大的损失。近年来,随着国内对动物福利理念的普及,基于动物福利的疫病防控技术受到越来越多的重视,然而却未见基于此的相关论述。论文就现有羊捻转血矛线虫病防控技术,包括药物防控、生物防控、疫苗预防等进行综述,为今后研发基于动物福利的羊捻转血矛线虫病防控技术提供参考。