Correlation of selected constituents with the total antioxidant capacity of coffee beverages: influence of the brewing procedure

Relationships between volatile and nonvolatile compounds and the antioxidant capacity of coffee brews prepared from commercial conventional and torrefacto roasted coffees, employing commonly used doses and prepared by four brewing procedures (filter, plunger, mocha, and espresso machine) were assessed. Significant correlations between volatile Maillard reaction products and antioxidant capacity (measured by both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and redox potential methods) were not observed. Highly positive correlations between browned compounds and caffeine with both antioxidant capacity parameters were reported. Principal component analysis allowed coffee brews separation according to coffee roasting processes (PC1) and brewing procedures (PC2), showing that in all cases coffee brews from torrefacto roasted coffee were more antioxidant that those extracted from conventional ones; also, coffee brews extracted by an espresso machine were more antioxidant than those extracted by mocha, plunger, and filter machines.     

Different sorption behaviors for wine polyphenols in contact with oak wood

The evolution of polyphenols of enological interest- monomeric anthocyanins, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, gallic acid, and trans-resveratrol-in the presence of oak wood was investigated in aging-model conditions. Disappearance kinetics showed that, except for gallic acid, all of the wine polyphenols tend to disappear from the model wine in presence of oak wood, to reach an equilibrium after 20 days of contact. At equilibrium, the higher disappearance rates were obtained for monomeric anthocyanins and trans-resveratrol with values of 20 and 50%, respectively. For monomeric anthocyanins, the rate of disappearance seemed to be independent of their nature. In order to evaluate the contribution of sorption to oak wood in the disappearance phenomena, sorption kinetics were determined for trans-resveratrol and malvidin-3-glucoside through the extraction and the quantification of the fraction sorbed to wood. These curves showed that the wood intake of trans-resveratrol and malvidin-3-glucoside followed a two-step behavior, with a higher rate during the first 2 days, likely due to a surface sorption mechanism, and then a slower rate to reach the equilibrium, which could be related to a diffusion mechanism. The comparison of disappeared and sorbed amounts at equilibrium showed that a minor part of the disappeared monomeric anthocyanins were sorbed by wood. In contrast, half of the concentration decrease of trans-resveratrol in wine finds its origin in a sorption mechanism by oak wood. Results in real wine show similar sorption kinetics.     

Multivariate analysis for the evaluation of fiber, sugars, and organic acids in commercial presentations of table olives

Table olives constitute an important part of the Mediterranean diet and the diet of many non-olive-producing countries. The aim of this work was to determine the fiber, sugar, and organic acid contents in Spanish commercial presentations of table olives and characterize them by means of a multivariate analysis. The selection of variables was carried out on the basis of a canonical analysis and their classification, according to processing styles and cultivars, through a linear discriminant analysis. Values of dietary fiber in table olives ranged from 2 to 5 g/100 g edible portion (e.p.). Some stuffing materials (almond, hot red pepper, and hazelnut) or the addition of capers produced a significant increase in the total dietary fiber in green olives. Glucose, fructose, and mannitol were usually found in the ranges of 0-55, 0-70, and 0-107 mg/100 g e.p., respectively. Succinic acid was detected only in green and directly brined olives (0-40 mg/100 g e.p.), while lactic and acetic acids were used within the ranges of 0-681 and 5-492.8 mg/100 g e.p., respectively. A multivariate analysis showed that fiber, mannitol, and succinic, lactic, and acetic acids can be used to discriminate between processing styles (95.5% correct assignations) and cultivars (61.20%). Current data can also be used in the evaluation of the dietary value of table olives.     

Content of Nutrient and Antinutrient in Edible Flowers of Wild Plants in Mexico

Nutrient and antinutritional/toxic factors present in some edible flowers consumed in Mexico were determined. The edible flowers were: Agave salmiana, Aloe vera, Arbutus xalapensis, Cucurbita pepo (cultivated), Erythrina americana, Erythrina caribaea, Euphorbia radians benth and Yucca filifera. The nutrient content in the flowers studied is similar to that of the edible leaves and flowers studied mainly in Africa. The moisture content of the flowers varied from 860 to 932 g kg⁻¹. Crude protein (CP) was between 113 to 275 g kg⁻¹ DM, crude fiber, 104 to 177 g kg⁻¹ DM and the nitrogen free extract, between 425 to 667 g kg⁻¹ DM. The highest chemical score (CS) was found in E. americana and A. salmiana; in five samples the limiting amino acid was lysine, and in three of them it was tryptophan. Trypsin inhibitors and hemaglutinnins had a very low concentration. Alkaloids were present in both the Erythrina species and the saponins in A. salmiana and Y. filifera. Cyanogenic glucosides were not found in the studied flowers. The traditional process of preparing these specific flowers before consumption is by cooking them and discarding the broth; in this way the toxic substances are diminished or eliminated. These edible flowers from wild plants consumed in local areas of the country play an important role in the diet of the people at least during the short time of the season where they are blooming.     

拟鲌和梭鲈血清蛋白的电泳研究

作者应用琼胶电泳法对拟鲌和梭鲈的血清旦白成分进行了研究。研究证明．这两种鱼的血清旦白可分离出6—7个主要区带。几种旦白成分在鱼类不同性周期的各个时期是不恒定的，在产卵时期变化明显。拟鲌和梭鲈血清中几种旦白成分含量的季节变化具有共同规律。     

海南农民稻田生物多样性保护认知评价 及农药使用情况分析

长期以来农药的不合理利用已经引发了环境污染、食品安全等一系列问题、探索减少农药投入的生产 模式、构建稻田生物多样性生态控制病虫害的水稻生产模式已经成为稻田可持续发展的重要手段之一。 为了更好 地开展海南稻田生物多样性保护、发挥稻田生态系统服务功能、有必要系统全面地了解农民对稻田生物多样性保护 认知及农药使用情况、我们在海南北部和南部分别开展了调查。 结果显示、调查区大部分稻农对稻田生物多样性概 念不了解、相关知识掌握较少、且仅有极少数农民接受过相关的多样性种植培训或者指导。 在农药使用上、存在过 量使用、盲目使用和跟风使用等一系列不科学问题、直接导致海南稻田生态系统遭到破坏、种植成本骤增、稻农净收 益降低。 通过分析、就海南水稻生产中的农药使用问题提出了意见和建议。     

含Cd磷肥不同施用量对水稻产量及Cd累积的影响

采用2年大田试验,研究低镉(Cd)磷肥不同施用量对水稻产量及地上部Cd累积的影响。结果表明,施低Cd磷肥显著增加水稻稻谷和稻秆产量,但不同施磷量间稻谷产量差异不显著。随施磷量的增加,稻谷Cd含量呈先增加后下降的趋势,但均在国家粮食卫生控制标准0.2 mg·kg-1规定内。当施磷(P2O5)量为63 kg·hm-2时,稻谷Cd含量及稻谷、茎叶和地上部Cd累积量最高,显著高于对照;但施磷量增至252 kg·hm-2时,稻谷Cd含量与对照相当,而茎叶Cd含量显著下降。水稻对磷肥中Cd的吸收率随施磷量的增加而显著下降。当施磷量低于81 kg·hm-2时,水稻地上部对磷肥中Cd的吸收率超过100%。指数回归方程表明,随磷肥进入土壤的Cd含量基本被水稻地上部完全吸收时的磷肥施用量早、晚稻分别为116.6、174.6 kg·hm-2。因此,生产上按当前适宜施磷量施用,既能兼顾水稻产量,又能保障稻谷和土壤生态安全。     

Identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with inhibitory activity against Lactococcus garvieae

A study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic properties of endogenous rainbow trout microbiota against pathogenic Lactococcus garvieae. A total of 335 bacterial strains were isolated from rainbow trout and screened for antagonistic activity against L. garvieae using an agar spot assay. Antagonistic strains were grouped by PCR amplification of repetitive bacterial DNA elements (rep‐PCR) and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results revealed that the antagonistic strains belonged to the genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Leuconostoc. Further probiotic characteristics, such as specific growth rate, doubling time, resistance to biological barriers, antibiotic resistance, hydrophobicity and production of antimicrobial substances, were also studied. These strains were able to survive low pH and high bile concentrations, showed good adherence characteristics and a broad spectrum of antibiotic resistance. The antagonistic efficacy was maintained after sterile filtration and was sensitive to proteinase K, indicating that proteinaceous extracellular inhibitory compounds were at least partially responsible for pathogen antagonism. Based on these results, these strains should be further studied to explore their probiotic effects in challenge experiments in vivo. This study shows clear evidence that the indigenous trout‐associated microbiota may provide a defensive barrier against L. garvieae.     

Effect of carazolol on the oestrous behaviour and concentrations of luteinising hormone and steroids in lactating cows during the periovulatory period

Twelve multiparous, cycling, lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were synchronised with prostaglandin F(2alpha) and treated with either 2.5 mg carazolol or saline. There were no differences between the peripheral blood concentrations of oestradiol or progesterone, but in the cows treated with carazolol the periovulatory surge of luteinising hormone was delayed, and oestrous behaviour was expressed later than in the control cows.