大孔树脂对紫甘薯色素的吸附与解吸特性研究

为了选择紫甘薯色素粗提液纯化性能较好的树脂，采用AB-8型、S-8型、NKA-II型和NKA-9型4种大孔树脂对紫甘薯色素进行了吸附与解吸试验，研究了大孔树脂对紫甘薯色素的静态吸附动力学曲线、吸附等温曲线及解吸特性。结果表明：在4种树脂中，AB-8型树脂吸附平衡的速率常数为最大，对紫甘薯色素的吸附量和解吸量分别是S-8、NKA-II及NKA-9的119%，139%，118%和105%，116%，118%，因而AB-8型大孔树脂是用于纯化紫甘薯色素较为合适的吸附剂，解吸时宜选用60%乙醇溶液。     

粗集-神经网络在农业工程项目评估中的应用

该文提出一种基于粗集-神经网络项目评估新方法，该方法应用粗糙集理论对神经网络的输入数据进行预处理,提取其中的关键成分作为网络的输入,提高了神经网络的收敛速度和逼近精度，并以中国农业水利工程项目为背景进行了实例研究，结果表明，建立的模型不仅较公平、合理，而且提高了神经网络模型的学习效率。     

温室土壤硝态氮积累的温度、水分、施氮量耦合效应

为了探讨温室作物生产水肥管理和土壤温度对土壤硝态氮累积的影响，本文选取使用5年的温室土壤样品进行培养试验，研究温度、水分、施氮量及其耦合效应对温室土壤硝化作用和硝态氮累积的影响。试验结果表明：温室土壤硝态氮累积量可用“S”曲线进行定量描述，硝化过程中最大硝化速率、延迟期和最大可能累积量是参数土壤温度，含水率和NH₄-N含量的函数；通过正交回归分析得出影响最大硝化速率的因素主次顺序依次为温度、含水率、温度与含水率的交互作用、水肥的耦合作用以及施氮量；影响延迟期的因素主次顺序依次为土壤水分、土壤温度、施氮量以及水肥耦合作用；最大可能累积量与温度、含水率及施氮量呈指数关系，其中施氮量影响最大，土壤温度次之，而这3个因素之间的交互作用对最大可能累积量没有明显的影响。利用回归模型，可为不同温度环境及水肥条件下硝态氮累积量及氮利用的有效性预测提供依据。     

Tissue iron distribution and adaptation of iron absorption in rats exposed to a high dietary level of NaFeEDTA

Although it has been shown that iron absorption from NaFeEDTA, a promising iron fortificant, is effectively down-regulated in iron-loaded rats, effects of prolonged exposure to high dietary levels of NaFeEDTA are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to determine whether rats can adapt to a high dietary level of NaFeEDTA by down-regulating iron absorption, and to determine effects on tissue iron distribution, with or without an iron absorption inhibitor. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to diets supplemented with FeSO4 or NaFeEDTA at 1200 mg of Fe/kg of diet, with or without tea, for 27 days. Iron absorption measured by whole-body counting before and after exposure showed that rats adapted to the high dietary level of FeSO4 or NaFeEDTA by down-regulating iron absorption to a similar extent. However, nonheme iron concentrations in liver and spleen were about 35-50% lower, whereas the concentration in kidney was about 300% higher in rats fed NaFeEDTA, compared to rats fed FeSO4. Tea had no major impact on iron absorption or iron status, regardless of iron source. Our results showed that although iron absorption was down-regulated similarly, body iron distribution was markedly different between rats exposed to FeSO4 and those exposed to NaFeEDTA. Further studies are warranted to determine the effects of prolonged exposure to dietary NaFeEDTA on kidney iron accumulation and kidney function.     

上海地区土壤持水特性研究

土壤水的研究,从Henri Darcy(1856)提出达西定律算起,已有一百多年历史.经历了由经验到理论、由静态到动态、由定性到定量、由宏观到微观逐步深入发展的过程^[1].1877年Briggs L.J.提出毛管假说,将土壤孔隙组成的孔道看成是一些大小不同的毛细管,认为表面张力是土壤保持水分的主要原因.     

Sustainability of in situ remediation of Cu- and Cd-contaminated soils with one-time application of amendments in Guixi,China

Purpose

In situ immobilization of heavy metal-contaminated soils with the repeated incorporation of amendments can effectively reduce the bioavailability of soil heavy metals. However, the long-term application of amendments would lead to the destruction of soil structure and accumulation of soil toxic elements, ultimately affecting food security and quality. Thus, the sustainability of the amendments in a heavy metal-contaminated soil was evaluated from 2010 to 2012.

Materials and methods

Batch field experiments were conducted in the soils, which were amended with apatite (22.3 t ha^?1), lime (4.45 t ha^?1), and charcoal (66.8 t ha^?1), respectively. The amendments were applied only one time in 2009, and ryegrass was sown each year. Ryegrass and setaria glauca (a kind of weed) were harvested each year. Concentrations of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) were determined by batch experiments. Five fractions of Cu and Cd were evaluated by a sequential extraction procedure.

Results and discussion

Ryegrass grew well in the amended soils in the first year, but it failed to grow in all the soils in the third year. However, setaria glauca could grow with higher biomass in all the amended soils. The treatment of apatite combined with plants was more effective than lime and charcoal treatments in removing Cu and Cd from the contaminated soils by taking biomass into account. Apatite had the best sustainable effect on alleviating soil acidification. The Cu and Cd concentrations of CaCl₂-extractable and exchangeable fractions decreased with the application of amendments. Moreover, apatite and lime could effectively maintain the bioavailability of Cu and Cd low.

Conclusions

Apatite had a better sustainable effect on the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils than lime and charcoal. Although all the amendment treated soils did not reduce soil total concentrations of Cu and Cd, they could effectively reduce the environmental risk of the contaminated soils. The findings could be effectively used for in situ remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils.

     

播种机组纯作业时间利用率与地块条件的匹配模型与试验

机械化播种作业是现代农业生产的重要环节,纯作业时间利用率是衡量播种机组作业效率的重要指标。该研究依据农业机组运行机理,在调查研究的基础上,提出季节时间利用率概念,确定了播种机组的作业时间构成,建立了播种机组纯作业时间、转弯时间、加种肥时间的计算模型和3种加肥方式下的播种机组纯作业时间利用率计算模型,明确各参数随地块面积、地块长度等条件变化的一般规律;以此为基础,在机组正常作业状态下,采用定距离多点多设备同步跟踪测的试验方法获取4种典型播种机组各类作业时间数据,并运用3σ原理剔除无效数据;依据所建模型及有效试验数据,采用Matlab 2012b对4种播种机组的纯作业时间利用率随地块条件变化规律进行模拟仿真,并采用Sigmaplot 12.5软件直观表达试验结果;进而探索了播种机组纯作业时间利用率随地块条件化的原因,确定了目标时间利用率条件下不同播种机组与其所适宜的作业地块面积和地块长度的定量关系:播种机组纯作业时间利用率大于0.6时,约翰迪尔7830机组适合作业地块面积大于等于6 hm^2、地块长度为1 200~1 400 m;维美德171机组适宜作业地块面积大于等于6 hm^2、地块长度为1 000~1 200 m;常发504机组适合作业的地块面积大于等于1 hm^2、地块长度为500~1 500 m;黄海254机组适合作业的地块面积大于等于0.3 hm^2、地块长度200~1 500 m。研究成果可为不同地块条件的播种机组选型提供定量依据。     

流域侵蚀强度空间分异及动态变化模拟研究

流域侵蚀强度空间分异是小流域泥沙来源研究的重要内容之一。该文以小流域模型模拟试验为基础，利用人工模拟降雨、近景摄影测量和GIS技术，对流域模型不同空间部位的侵蚀强度及其随流域所处发育阶段的动态变化进行了研究。研究结果表明：依据次降雨相对侵蚀模数REM将历经25场模拟降雨的小流域模型发育过程划分为初期时段、活跃时段和稳定时段。沟谷侵蚀强度在整个流域模型发育过程中一直大于坡面；在流域发育初期时段至活跃时段前期，主沟侵蚀强度大于支沟，流域下部侵蚀强度大于中部和上部；在流域发育活跃时段后期，主沟侵蚀强度低于支沟，流域中部和下部侵蚀强度快速增长并达到峰值；在稳定期时段，主沟和支沟侵蚀强度变化趋于同步，流域上部的侵蚀强度高于中部和下部。流域侵蚀强度的时空分布特征对于小流域水土流失综合治理具有科学指导意义。     

天津表土中多环芳烃含量的空间分布特征与来源

采用聚类分析、方差分析和多重比较等统计方法,结合空间分异分析研究了天津表土中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的多元和空间分布特征。结果表明,可根据样点PAHs含量和空间分布特征将天津地区划分为三个含量有显著差异且连续分布的区域,即南北低值区、市中心近郊次高值区和塘沽汉沽高值区。三区除PAHs含量有显著差别外,16种PAHs化合物的谱分布也有显著不同。根据不同化合物的含量关系及天津地区燃料消耗资料可以判定,南北低值区土壤中PAHs基本来自燃煤排放,而两个高值区污染来源复杂,除燃煤仍是主要来源外,其他重要来源还包括燃油和其他工业活动。     

湿式多片制动器油槽内三维抛物流的数值计算

采用控制容积法对三维抛物流的基本方程进行了离散化,并针对湿式多片制动器径向油槽内冷却油运动方程的抛物性,计算出摩擦盘在不同运动速度下,油槽内流体的流场,从而为进一步计算出冷却油与摩擦副之间的换热系数和湿式多片制动器的开发设计提供了理论依据。