Study on Soil Salinization Information in Arid Region Using Remote Sensing Technique

Extracting information about saline soils from remote sensing data is useful, particularly given the environmental significance and changing nature of these areas in arid environments. One interesting ease study to consider is the delta oasis of the Weigan and Kuqa rivers, China, which was studied using a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image collected in August 2001. In recent years, decision tree classifiers have been successfully used for land cover classification from remote sensing data. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular data reduction technique used to help build a decision tree; it reduces complexity and can help the classification precision of a decision tree to be improved. A decision tree approach was used to determine the key variables to be used for classification and ultimately extract salinized soil from other cover and soil types within the study area. According to the research, the third principal component (PC3) is an effective variable in the decision tree classification for salinized soil information extraction. The research demonstrated that the PC3 was the best band to identify areas of severely salinized soil; the blue spectral band from the ETM+ sensor (TM1) was the best band to identify salinized soil with the salt-tolerant vegetation of tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis Lour); and areas comprising mixed water bodies and vegetation can be identified using the spectral indices MNDWI (modified normalized difference water index) and NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index). Based upon this analysis, a decision tree classifier was applied to classify landeover types with different levels of soil saline. The results were checked using a statistical accuracy assessment. The overall accuracy of the classification was 94.80%,which suggested that the decision tree model is a simple and effective method with relatively high precision.     

县级土地利用结构优化研究

[目的]在新一轮的土地利用总体规划中,需要对县级土地利用结构进行调整优化.[方法]基于弹性规划的灰色多目标规划,依据人们生产活动对土地利用类型影响与社会、经济、生态三大效益目标的关系,将国家标准土地利用类型整理重组归并,形成满足结构优化的决策变量.[结果]依据研究区特点,建立多种约束条件,采用WinQSB软件进行计算,得出土地利用结构优化方案.针对计算得出的三套方案,定性分析了各个方案的优点及缺点,在土地结构优化的环节指导了规划方案最优的选择.[结论]此方法在多个县级土地利用总体规划中进行了应用,征求了多部门意见,土地利用结构优化方案与当地发展和规划比较吻合,能够在土地利用总体规划中对土地利用结构调整起到指导作用.     

Spatio‐Temporal Patterns of Land Use/Cover Changes Over the Past 20 Years in the Middle Reaches of the Tarim River,Xinjiang, China

The interaction between land use/cover change and landscape pattern is pivotal in research concerning global environmental change. This study uses three different Landsat images of 1989, 1998 and 2009 to study the land use/cover and landscape pattern changes in the middle reaches of the Tarim River basin. envi ®, erdas ®, ArcGIS ® and fragstats ® software were used to analyse the land use/cover changes. The objectives of study were to map and study the changes in land use/cover and landscape pattern, and propose some possible factors in making the land use/cover changes from 1989 to 2009. Seven different types of land use/cover are analysed, and the results are listed in tables. From 1989 to 1998, the percentage of farmland, slight–moderate saline land, heavy saline land and water areas have increased; woodland, desert and the undeveloped land have decreased. From 1998 to 2009, farmland, heavy saline land and the undeveloped land have increased; the other types of land use/cover have decreased. The gravity centre of each land use/cover types has shifted. The farthest shifting of the gravity centre was heavy saline land, which occurred between 1989 and 1998. The transformation and changes of land use/covers and landscape occurred more frequently from 1989 to 2009. Other types of land use and land cover changes to saline land have increased, which implied that a serious salinization took place in the Tarim Basin. The results from this study would show the adverse environmental changes (e.g. salinization and desertification) and they can be used for future sustainable management of land resources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于PSO-PPE模型的和田水资源承载力评价研究

为了定量评价和田地区水资源承载力,指导该地区水资源与社会、经济和生态系统协调发展,本文从“水资源—社会—经济—生态环境”复合系统角度出发,构建具有区域特色的水资源承载力评价指标体系,采用基于粒子群优化算法的投影寻踪评价模型（PSO-PPE模型）,对和田地区2005—2012年水资源承载力进行综合评价,并结合回归分析法对具有明显影响作用的指标进行分析。结果表明：和田八年来水资源承载力处于Ⅱ级,属于弱无压力状态,反映该区水资源承载力满足目前社会经济的发展需求,但不表明该地区不属于缺水地区;其中人均水资源量、水资源开发利用率、城镇化率的高低对水资源承载力综合评价值的大小具有较高影响;从长期发展规划来看,需结合干旱区绿洲发展特点,制定科学合理的水资源管理和利用措施,以保障水资源与社会经济的可持续发展。     

于田绿洲不同季节表层土壤盐渍化程度的空间变异特征

以于田绿洲为对象,运用地统计学和经典统计学的方法,结合实地野外考察数据,对研究区2012年春、夏两季表层土壤盐渍化程度的空间变异性进行分析。结果表明：(1) 对研究区24个样本点表层土壤含盐量进行描述性统计分析,得出5月和7月的表层土壤含盐量均值为18.2 g·kg^-1,判断于田绿洲土壤为重盐土类型。5月土壤含盐量变异系数为115.6%,7月为109.5%,都属于强空间变异性。(2) 由半方差函数分析得到研究区5月和7月的块金值和基台值之比均小于25%,判断表层土壤含盐量的空间分布表现为强相关性,且5月的理论模型拟合要优于7月的。(3) 对于田绿洲2012年土壤表层含盐量和地下水位埋深进行普通克里格插值看出,春季到夏季有相同的变化趋势,在绿洲内部,地下水位埋深较深,含盐量较低,土壤碱性小;而绿洲外围地区,地下水位埋深较浅,含盐量较高,相应的碱性较高。     

基于多种极化分解方法和全极化合成孔径雷达数据的干旱区盐渍化监测

土壤盐渍化不仅严重制约着干旱区农业可持续发展,并且对绿洲生态环境构成了重大威胁。该文提出将多种极化目标分解方法、绕封模型（wrapper feature selector, WFS）特征子集选择方法和支持向量机（support vector machine, SVM）结合起来（简称WFS-SVM）,利用全极化合成孔径雷达（polarimetric synthetic aperture radar, PolSAR）数据实现对土壤盐渍化监测。以新疆干旱区典型绿洲--渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲（渭-库绿洲）为研究区,对研究区四极化Radarsat-2数据进行多种极化目标分解处理,得到相应的特征参数和特征分量。采用WFS方法进行SVM最佳特征子集的选择,并选出最佳适应度的子集对 SVM进行训练。从而构建基于最佳特征子集和最优分类参数的WFS-SVM分类模型,对研究区进行不同程度盐渍地信息（包括重度盐渍地和中-轻度盐渍地）的提取,并结合野外实地考察验证数据,将分类结果与经典的Wishart监督分类方法和一般SVM分类方法进行了对比和验证。结果表明,该方法较大程度地提高了全极化PolSAR影像在干旱区盐渍地信息提取的精度,相比Wishart监督分类,该方法分类总精度和Kappa系数分别提高了14.12个百分点和0.18,证明了该文所提出的监测方法具有有效性和研究潜力。该成果也将促进PolSAR数据在干旱区盐渍化监测中发挥更大的作用。     

主成分融合在干旱区盐渍地信息提取中的应用研究

土壤盐渍化严重威胁着干旱区绿洲的稳定与可持续发展,因此借助遥感手段快速提取盐渍地信息并掌握其空间分布有着重要的现实意义。本文以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例,探讨了基于主成分融合的干旱区盐渍地信息的提取方法。由于Landsat-7 ETM+的全色波段与多光谱波段有相同的太阳高度角和其他环境条件,影像获取时间一致,两种不同分辨率的数据可以不经配准而实现高精度融合。首先,对2001年的遥感影像数据(ETM影像)进行几何校正;再利用主成分融合技术,将多波段的ETM+影像与对应的全色波段影像进行主成分融合,在此基础上进行盐渍地信息的提取。实验表明,该方法的结果分类精度较高,与实地调查结果基本相符,是监测干旱区盐渍地变化的有效手段。结果表明:盐渍地主要分布在绿洲的和沙漠之间的交错带,盐渍地的分布在绿洲内部呈条形状分布,而在绿洲外部呈片状分布,且绿洲外部重度盐渍地交错分布在中轻度盐渍地中。研究结果对于干旱区绿洲盐渍地的合理开发和可持续发展有着重要现实意义。