BP神经网络的沙漠化土地信息提取研究

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲为例,探讨了基于主成分融合的沙漠化信息的提取方法.由于Landsat-7 ETM 的全色波段与多光谱波段有相同成像条件,影像获取时间一致,两种不同分辨率的数据可以不经配准而实现高精度融合.首先,对Landsat-7ETM 的全色图像与多光谱图像进行主成分融合处理,再利用BP神经网络模型,以相同的训练样本分别对融合前后的影像进行分类,在此基础上进行沙漠化信息的提取.结果表明:主成分变换融合图像的光谱信息保持性、信息量以及空间分解力都较高,且分类精度比Landsat-7ETM 多光谱图像有较大提高,是监测沙漠化土地变化的有效手段.     

基于优化光谱指数的新疆春小麦冠层叶绿素含量估算

为筛选可用于干旱半干旱区春小麦冠层叶绿素含量估算的高光谱植被指数,2017年通过测定春小麦关键生育时期冠层的田间高光谱与叶绿素含量,利用光谱指数波段优化算法分别计算400～1 300 nm光谱波段中不同波段两两组合的比值光谱指数(ration spectral index,RSI)、归一化光谱指数(normalized difference spectral index,NDSI)、叶绿素指数(chlorophyll index,CI)、简化光谱指数(CI/NDSI,NPDI),并将这些参数及其他17个不同高光谱植被指数分别与实测冠层叶绿素含量进行Pearson相关分析,通过变量重要性准则筛选最优光谱参数,使用偏最小二乘回归法建立冠层叶绿素含量的预测模型。结果表明:(1)RSIs、NDSIs、CIs和NPDIs与冠层叶绿素含量的相关性都优于前人研究中定义的17种高光谱植被指数,并且冠层叶绿素含量与NDSI(R_(849),R_(850))、RSI(R_(849),R_(850)),CI(R_(849),R_(850))和NPDI(R_(849),R_(850))表现出强相关性。(2)用此4个优化光谱指数分别建模时,以CI(R_(849),R_(850))、 CI(R_(539),R_(553))、 CI(R_(540),R_(553))、 CI(R_(536),R_(553))为自变量的X-3模型预测精度最高(r~2=0.74,RMSE=0.272 mg·g~(-1))。(3)结合4个优化光谱指数构建的组合模型预测精度,其r~2=0.83,RMSE=0.187 mg·g~(-1)。     

于田绿洲不同季节表层土壤盐渍化程度的空间变异特征

以于田绿洲为对象,运用地统计学和经典统计学的方法,结合实地野外考察数据,对研究区2012年春、夏两季表层土壤盐渍化程度的空间变异性进行分析。结果表明：（1）对研究区24个样本点表层土壤含盐量进行描述性统计分析,得出5月和7月的表层土壤含盐量均值为18．2 g·kg－1,判断于田绿洲土壤为重盐土类型。5月土壤含盐量变异系数为115．6％,7月为109．5％,都属于强空间变异性。（2）由半方差函数分析得到研究区5月和7月的块金值和基台值之比均小于25％,判断表层土壤含盐量的空间分布表现为强相关性,且5月的理论模型拟合要优于7月的。（3）对于田绿洲2012年土壤表层含盐量和地下水位埋深进行普通克里格插值看出,春季到夏季有相同的变化趋势,在绿洲内部,地下水位埋深较深,含盐量较低,土壤碱性小;而绿洲外围地区,地下水位埋深较浅,含盐量较高,相应的碱性较高。     

Stand structure and height-diameter relationship of a degraded Populus euphratica forest in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,Northwest China

Understanding stand structure and height-diameter relationship of trees provides very useful information to establish appropriate countermeasures for sustainable management of endangered forests. Populus euphratica, a dominant tree species along the Tarim River watershed, plays an irreplaceable role in the sustainable development of regional ecology, economy and society. However, as the result of climate changes and human activities, the natural riparian ecosystems within the whole river basin were degraded enormously, particularly in the lower reaches of the river where about 320 km of the riparian forests were either highly degraded or dead. In this study, we presented one of the main criteria for the assessment of vitality of P. euphratica forests by estimating the defoliation level, and analyzed forest structure and determined the height-diameter(height means the height of a tree and diameter means the diameter at breast height(DBH) of a tree) relationship of trees in different vitality classes(i.e. healthy, good, medium, senesced, dying, dead and fallen). Trees classified as healthy and good accounted for approximately 40% of all sample trees, while slightly and highly degraded trees took up nearly 60% of total sample trees. The values of TH(tree height) and DBH ranged from 0–19 m and 0–125 cm, respectively. Trees more than 15 m in TH and 60 cm in DBH appeared sporadically. Trees in different vitality classes had different distribution patterns. Healthy trees were mainly composed more of relatively younger trees than of degraded tress. The height-diameter relationships differed greatly among tress in different vitality classes, with the coefficients ranging from 0.1653 to 0.6942. Correlation coefficients of TH and DBH in healthy and good trees were higher than those in trees of other vitality classes. The correlation between TH and DBH decreased with the decline of tree vitality. Our results suggested that it might be able to differentiate degraded P. euphratica trees from healthy trees by determining the height-diameter correlation coefficient, and the coefficient would be a new parameter for detecting degradation and assessing sustainable management of floodplain forests in arid regions. In addition, tree vitality should be taken into account to make an accurate height-diameter model for tree height prediction.     

水土化学场理论在干旱区绿洲盐渍土研究中的应用——以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例

针对目前塔里木盆地北缘地区存在的土壤盐渍化问题,以新疆塔里木盆地北缘渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例,根据水土环境中盐渍成分时空分异的区域化特征,应用盐渍水土化学场理论,建立变异函数模型定量化模拟其空间分异,求得变异函数后,采用Geostatistical Analyst地质统计分析模块中的Kriging插值方法定量化预测某种盐渍水土环境特征的空间分布,即对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土壤特征(含盐量和电导率)的空间变异性进行分析.结果表明:渭-库绿洲表层土壤电导率和含盐量采用Exponential模型拟合效果比较好.电导率和含盐量的分维数为1.938和1.907,说明表层土壤含盐量的空间依赖性要比电导率的强,即引起表层土壤电导率空间变异中随机因素起决定性作用.而表层土壤含盐量则受结构性因素和随机因素共同作用.表层土壤电导率和含盐量的块金值与基台值之比分别为44.72%和38.61%,具有中等的空间相关性.并且变异系数分别为0.634和0.618.故具有中等变异强度,主要原因在于表层干扰因素较多(大气降水、灌溉、植被覆盖、蒸散发、根系吸水及地表微地形的差异等).利用在渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲的实测数据进行验证,可为盐演水土环境的定量化研究提供理论依据.     

基于SI-Albedo特征空间的干旱区盐渍化土壤信息提取研究——以克里雅河流域绿洲为例

选取塔里木南缘克里雅河流域绿洲为研究靶区,利用Landsat-ETM+卫星图像数据和野外调查数据分析盐渍化土壤与地表反照率(Albedo)、土壤盐分指数(SI)之间的关系。回归分析发现,盐渍化土壤在SI-Albedo特征空间分布具有显著规律,即非盐渍化土壤呈团状分布;轻、中度盐渍化土壤具有线性分布特征;非盐渍化土壤与轻度盐渍化土壤分异明显。结合分异规律,编制分类算法模型,得到研究区盐渍化土壤信息提取结果,并与传统监督最大似然分类法结果进行对比分析。结果表明,在SI-Albedo特征空间中定量快速提取盐渍化土壤信息的总体效果较好,对准确且自动提取干旱区盐渍化土壤信息以及区域尺度盐渍化遥感监测研究具有重要意义。     

主成分融合在干旱区盐渍地信息提取中的应用研究

土壤盐渍化严重威胁着干旱区绿洲的稳定与可持续发展,因此借助遥感手段快速提取盐渍地信息并掌握其空间分布有着重要的现实意义。本文以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例,探讨了基于主成分融合的干旱区盐渍地信息的提取方法。由于Landsat-7 ETM+的全色波段与多光谱波段有相同的太阳高度角和其他环境条件,影像获取时间一致,两种不同分辨率的数据可以不经配准而实现高精度融合。首先,对2001年的遥感影像数据(ETM影像)进行几何校正;再利用主成分融合技术,将多波段的ETM+影像与对应的全色波段影像进行主成分融合,在此基础上进行盐渍地信息的提取。实验表明,该方法的结果分类精度较高,与实地调查结果基本相符,是监测干旱区盐渍地变化的有效手段。结果表明:盐渍地主要分布在绿洲的和沙漠之间的交错带,盐渍地的分布在绿洲内部呈条形状分布,而在绿洲外部呈片状分布,且绿洲外部重度盐渍地交错分布在中轻度盐渍地中。研究结果对于干旱区绿洲盐渍地的合理开发和可持续发展有着重要现实意义。     

Spatio‐Temporal Patterns of Land Use/Cover Changes Over the Past 20 Years in the Middle Reaches of the Tarim River,Xinjiang, China

The interaction between land use/cover change and landscape pattern is pivotal in research concerning global environmental change. This study uses three different Landsat images of 1989, 1998 and 2009 to study the land use/cover and landscape pattern changes in the middle reaches of the Tarim River basin. envi ®, erdas ®, ArcGIS ® and fragstats ® software were used to analyse the land use/cover changes. The objectives of study were to map and study the changes in land use/cover and landscape pattern, and propose some possible factors in making the land use/cover changes from 1989 to 2009. Seven different types of land use/cover are analysed, and the results are listed in tables. From 1989 to 1998, the percentage of farmland, slight–moderate saline land, heavy saline land and water areas have increased; woodland, desert and the undeveloped land have decreased. From 1998 to 2009, farmland, heavy saline land and the undeveloped land have increased; the other types of land use/cover have decreased. The gravity centre of each land use/cover types has shifted. The farthest shifting of the gravity centre was heavy saline land, which occurred between 1989 and 1998. The transformation and changes of land use/covers and landscape occurred more frequently from 1989 to 2009. Other types of land use and land cover changes to saline land have increased, which implied that a serious salinization took place in the Tarim Basin. The results from this study would show the adverse environmental changes (e.g. salinization and desertification) and they can be used for future sustainable management of land resources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于6S模型的遥感数据大气校正应用研究

基于辐射传输理论的大气校正模型,具有明确的物理意义,易于操作,应用广泛。该文首先对Landsat-5 TM图像大气校正参数的确定进行了详尽分析并采用6S模型对图像进行了大气校正,然后从光谱响应曲线、归一化植被指数(NDVI)等方面,探讨了大气校正对TM图像地物光谱响应特征的影响。研究表明,TM图像经大气校正后,地物在可见光,近红外和短波红外波段反射率明显减小;大气校正后的NDVI增幅明显;采用的参数确定方法可为类似研究提供参考与借鉴。     

艾比湖自然保护区荒漠-盐生植被VIS-NIR光谱反射特征研究

利用便携式地物光谱仪进行艾比湖自然保护区植被光谱反射率的测定,阐明荒漠—盐生植被光谱特征和生存环境的关联,为该地区植被调查提供参考.测定离湖滨不同远近距离4个样区的几种典型植被反射光谱,采用导数法分析植被光谱(如红边,绿峰,蓝边)特征;利用Landsat 8影像提取NDVI指数信息.结果表明:在离湖最近、盐渍化较轻的B样区反射率值最高,其次分别是离湖最远的湿地盐沼区、河流下游段和盐渍地严重的裸露区;植被光谱曲线在680～760 nm附近达到增长最高值,反射率最高达0.9;4个样区植被的“红边位置”有相似的吸收光谱波段特征,B样区的“红边位置”在720 nm处,向长波段方向靠近.总之,高光谱遥感对于荒漠-盐生植被的监测和提取具有重要的意义.