规模化奶牛场粪污全量贮存及肥料化还田工艺设计

为推进粪污全量贮存和肥料化还田模式在规模化奶牛场的应用，该研究以存栏500头规模奶牛场为例，分析了粪污收集量、贮存工艺与设施和粪肥还田等内容，提出了粪污贮存池设计容积和粪肥还田配套土地面积等参数。结果表明：奶牛粪污全量收集量为17.33 t/d，全量贮存设施分为舍内贮存池和舍外贮存囊2种。单个舍内贮存池尺寸为85 m×12 m×2 m（长×宽×深），粪污存储期9个月，所需贮存池数量为5个，总容积10 200 m3；舍外贮存囊占地尺寸为90 m×30 m（长×宽），深2.2 m，总容积5 615 m3。粪肥全部还田所需土地面积与种植作物类型和种植制度相关，种植作物为小麦、玉米、小麦+玉米和水稻（1年2熟）时，需配套土地分别为248.4、400.6、122.8和127.0 hm2。粪肥还田成本为10.37万元/a，全部还田可节省化肥22.8万元/a，年可产生经济效益12.43万元。     

Characterization of integrons-mediated antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from bovine mastitis

To assess the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and class I integrons in Escherichia coli strains (n=58) isolated from bovine mastitis in Inner Mongolia, antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of various types of integrons were characterized. Most isolates were susceptible to amikacin, colistin, ceftazidime, gentamicin and kanamycin, while those also exhibited high resistant incidence rates to ampicillin, amoxicillin, sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxydiazine. The integrase gene of integrons was amplified by PCR using degenerate primers. The integrons were confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of positive PCR products. Neither class II nor class III integron was detected, while 56.90% (n=33) of the isolates were positive for the presence of intI1 gene. Sequencing analysis of gene cassettes revealed that seven gene cassettes were found, which encoded resistance to trimethoprim (dfrA1 and dfrA17), aminoglycosides (aacA4, aadA1 and aadA5) and chloramphenicol (catB3), respectively. Of them, the gene cassette array dfrA17-aadA5 was found most prevalent (62.96%). The percentage of positive-integron among the isolates whose resistant profile was relatively broad (n> or =7) is 100.00%, while the one in narrow-profile isolates (n=2-6) is 30.56%. The correlation analysis revealed the incidence of integrons among the isolates were highly related to the resistant profile, indicating integrons play an important role in the dissemination and spread of the antimicrobial resistant strains.     

Fatal infection in human flora-associated piglets caused by the opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae from an apparently healthy human donor

Seventeen out of 24 human flora-associated (HFA) piglets died after oral administration of whole fecal flora from an apparently healthy human donor. The bacteria isolated from the organs of the infected piglets were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae by bacteriological and biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The identical K. pneumoniae strain was also isolated from the donor's fecal flora. All three neonatal piglets inoculated with K. pneumoniae from the donor's fecal flora developed severe diarrhea, with 2 eventually dying. This strongly suggests that the opportunistic pathogen K. pneumoniae from the human donor caused the fatal infection in the HFA piglets. The results underscore the importance of safety evaluation of the human donor's fecal flora for HFA piglet development.     

牦牛血液矿物元素含量和血清指标变化规律的研究

为了探讨牦牛营养代谢疾病的病因,在黄河首曲草地对放牧牦牛血液矿物元素含量和血清指标的变化规律进行了系统的研究。结果表明:牦牛血液矿物元素含量和血清指标具有明显的季节动态;在首曲草原,牧草矿物元素含量季节性缺乏是引起牦牛营养代谢疾病的原因之一。     

现代环保型猪场的建设要求

随着我国畜禽养殖业的迅速发展,畜禽粪便产生量不断增加,日益严重的养殖污染已成为养殖业发展的瓶颈。现结合生产实践和现代环保要求,将猪场选址、规划设计、环境绿化、养殖备案与环评、防疫、粪污处理系统方面的建设要求介绍如下,供参考。     

上海市某马场马疱疹病毒1型感染的确诊

采用马疱疹病毒1型和4型二重PCR分型方法,对上海市某马场临床疑似病例的鼻拭子和血浆样品进行检测,同时对扩增产物进行测序和比对,确诊为马疱疹病毒1型阳性,表明上海市马群中存在马疱疹病毒1型感染。因此,应提高上海市马匹饲养管理水平,加强马疱疹病毒1型的定期免疫和检疫,及时对阳性马匹进行隔离,对马厩进行消毒。     

伊拉配套系曾祖代和祖代引进重庆后的繁殖性能测定分析

对重庆市引进的伊拉曾祖代4个系和祖代2个系开展连续3个胎次的繁殖性能测定,结果显示伊拉曾祖代C系平均窝产仔数和平均初生窝重显著高于A、B、D系(P<0.05),伊拉曾祖代D系21日龄平均窝重和35日龄平均断奶个体重显著高于A、B、C系;伊拉祖代D系平均窝产仔数、平均出生窝重、泌乳力(21日龄平均窝重)、35日龄平均断奶个体重均显著高于B系(P<0.05)。结果表明从法国引进的伊拉兔已基本适应重庆地区高温高湿的环境条件,初生窝重、初生产活仔数、断奶个体重等繁殖性能各项指标基本稳定。     

6个种源地不同桑树品种叶柄解剖结构与水分运输能力初探

叶柄是水分和营养物质在茎和叶间运输的重要组织。采用石蜡切片技术和木材离析技术,分析6个种源地不同的桑树品种一年生扦插苗叶柄的显微结构特征,对叶柄的水分运输能力和抗蒸腾能力进行评价,并对桑树的抗旱性进行探讨。结果显示在6个桑品种中,吴堡桑的叶柄角质层和厚角组织厚度较小,但维管束最为发达,具有较高的维管束面积占比、中等水平的导管直径和最大的导管长度,水分运输能力最强,同时还能保持对栓塞较强的抵抗性,推测其抗旱能力可能较强,适宜种植在较为干旱的地区;育711号的叶柄角质层较薄,云果桑1号叶柄的厚角组织最薄,这2个品种的叶柄具有较多的维管束,但其维管束面积占比、导管孔腔面积以及导管直径在6个品种中较小,故抗蒸腾能力与水分运输能力均较低,其抗旱能力可能相对较弱,更加适合在水分充足的环境中生长。研究结果为阐释桑树叶柄结构、水分运输能力与桑树抗旱能力之间的关系提供了一定的实验依据。     

热应激影响动物生殖的表观遗传学机制研究进展

随着全球温室效应剧增,夏季高温作为一种热应激源对动物生殖产生越来越大的影响,对世界各国的畜牧生产带来严重损失,因此,亟需对热应激影响动物生殖的机制进行深入研究。同时,越来越多的报道指出,在动物生殖的诸多生理过程中,表观遗传机制起到广泛而又重要的作用。基于此,文章总结了近期国内外热应激影响动物生殖的表观机制的研究进展,以便为解决实际生产中的问题提供理论支持。