枫杨幼苗对氟离子的吸收积累规律及毒性效应

【目的】探讨枫杨幼苗对氟污染的修复潜力。【方法】以枫杨当年实生幼苗为研究对象,采用溶液培养的方法,研究不同浓度、不同 pH氟离子胁迫下枫杨幼苗的根、茎、叶的氟含量、转移系数( Tf)、生物富集系数( BCF)的变化以及对枫杨幼苗的植物毒性效应。【结果】1)随着溶液氟离子浓度的升高,枫杨幼苗根、茎、叶的氟积累量逐渐升高,当溶液氟离子浓度为10 mmol·L －1时,枫杨幼苗根、茎、叶的氟积累量最高分别为1604.60,59.41,40.80 mg·kg －1。2)枫杨幼苗体内氟含量的分布存在2种情况：当培养液氟离子浓度为0.5～5 mmol·L －1时表现为根＞叶＞茎,在氟离子浓度为10 mmol·L －1时表现为根＞茎＞叶,转移系数( Tf)介于0.029～0.125之间,可能是过高的氟离子浓度使枫杨幼苗产生了严重的生理胁迫,影响了氟离子从茎向叶的运转。3)随着处理时间的增加,各处理组枫杨幼苗的相对标准蒸腾量均呈下降趋势,溶液氟离子浓度为5,10 mmol·L －1时,对枫杨幼苗蒸腾量变化的影响显著(P＜0.05),对植物的毒性效应很强。4)枫杨幼苗根、茎、叶氟积累量在酸性环境中最大,氟转移能力也最强,在中性环境中表现一般;植物在酸性、中性环境中受到的伤害较大,植物生命活力低,而在碱性条件下时,不仅对枫杨幼苗的伤害小,而且除氟效果较好、持续性强。5)为了达到最佳的处理效果,当废水中氟离子浓度≤2.5 mmol·L －1时,可以选择在酸性条件下利用枫杨来处理;当氟离子浓度为2.5～5 mmol·L －1时,可选择在碱性条件下处理废水。【结论】枫杨幼苗积累氟的能力很强,氟转移能力独特,具有很高的耐氟性,枫杨适合于水体氟污染严重区域的水体净化和植物修复。     

Compositional analysis and preliminary toxicological evaluation of a tea polysaccharide conjugate

Tea polysaccharide conjugate is one of the main bioactive constituents of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). The chemical composition and preliminary toxicological evaluation of a tea polysaccharide conjugate was investigated to determine the possibility of using it for human consumption. Chemical analysis of tea polysaccharide conjugate showed that the tea polysaccharide conjugate was a nonstarch protein bounded acidic polysaccharide. The protein, neutral sugar, and uronic acid content of the tea polysaccharide conjugate was 3.5%, 44.2%, and 43.1%, respectively. The contents of iron, magnesium, zinc, and selenium in the tea and its polysaccharide conjugate were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results showed that the contents of four elements in tea polysaccharide conjugate were much higher than that of tea power. Especially, the content of iron in tea polysaccharide conjugate was increased 5.9 times. The tea polysaccharide conjugate, when fed to mice, was found to have no toxicity to the liver, kidney, heart, thymus, or spleen of the mice and none of the mice died throughout the period of the experiment. There was no significant difference between the thymus index, spleen index, and liver index of the mice from the test and control groups (P>0.05). On the basis of the study, the tea polysaccharide conjugate may be classified either as a very low toxicity substance, that is, GHS Category 5 (globally harmonized system), or as unclassified when orally administrated to mice. It might be a candidate of dietary supplements besides the bioactivities as a polysaccharide.     

辽宁省大豆田杂草发生与危害

采用倒置"W"九点取样法调查辽宁省大豆田杂草,明确了辽宁省大豆田杂草有19科35种,其中阔叶杂草占74.29%,禾本科杂草占14.29%,其他杂草占25.71%;一年生杂草占54.29%,多年生杂草占31.43%。相对多度达10%以上的杂草依次为藜、鸭跖草、稗草、苘麻、反枝苋、红蓼、马唐、铁苋菜、马齿苋和山苦菜。其中藜和鸭跖草相对多度在30%以上,为辽宁省大豆田杂草优势种群。     

Spatial and Temporal Variability in Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen Fluxes at the Sediment–Water Interface in Lake Illawarra, Australia

In this study, benthic flux measurements of inorganic nitrogen (i.e., $ {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} $ , $ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{2} $ ?+? $ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} $ ) were made using a batch incubation system at different stations (i.e., shallow sandy macrophyte and unvegetated beds, and deep central mud) over four seasons in Lake Illawarra, NSW, Australia, to study the influence of different primary producers (i.e., seagrasses, microphytobenthos (MPB) and macroalgae) and/or different sediment types (i.e., sand or mud) on the benthic fluxes. In general, nutrient fluxes displayed typical diel variations, with lower flux out of sediments (release) or enhanced uptake by the sediment in the light, due to the photosynthetic activities of the plant-MPB-sediment community in Lake Illawarra during photosynthetic periods. A distinct seasonal pattern of inorganic-N fluxes was also observed (e.g., the marked difference between summers 2002 and 2003). This may be explained by the seasonal variations in the biomass and activity (growing or decay phases) of MPB, seagrass and macroalgae, which may influence their nutrient assimilation and alter the chemical conditions of surface sediments that influence the benthic geochemical processes and thus benthic nutrient fluxes. On an annual basis, unvegetated sediments displayed net DIN effluxes, while seagrass beds showed a net DIN uptake, and the highest DIN uptakes coincided with the largest standing crop of seagrass and/or macroalgae and the highest levels of benthic community production. This may be due to the enhanced denitrification and/or assimilation activity by rooted plants and macroalgae, and the effect is most efficient during periods of net growth (e.g., in Spring 2002).     

抚育间伐对小兴安岭天然针阔混交林碳储量的影响

在小兴安岭地区带岭林业实验局东方红林场天然林试验区,设置6块样地,对天然针阔混交次生林进行不同强度(10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%)的抚育间伐;采用平均标准木法取样、实验室重铬酸钾法测定林木碳质量分数,分析不同间伐强度对乔木层地上部分生物量及碳储量的影响。结果表明:随着间伐强度的增加,乔木层地上部分生物量、碳储量整体呈先增加再减小趋势,但间伐8 a内各间伐生物量、碳储量均显著少于对照。伐后1~4 a,间伐强度20%,乔木层碳储量增长率、增长量均高于对照;间伐后1~4 a内,间伐强度20%,乔木层碳储量的恢复能力最强。间伐后5~8 a,高度间伐(间伐强度30%、35%)碳储量恢复能力最弱;间伐8 a后,各间伐强度(10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%)的碳储量,分别为74.93±3.42、86.96±7.31、99.24±2.43、93.64±6.68、85.23±2.11、79.54±3.38 t/hm2,林木各器官碳储量差异显著,从大到小依次为树干、树枝、树叶;间伐8 a后,各间伐树干碳储量所占比例比对照所占比例增加-0.04%~12.27%,在间伐强度为20%时树干碳储量比例最高,说明间伐强度20%有利于小兴安岭天然针阔混交林树干碳储量的累积及单株林木质量的提高。总体看,短期间伐(4 a内)利于20%间伐乔木层碳储量的迅速积累,8 a内各间伐仍处于乔木层地上部分碳储量低于对照的恢复期。     

北京市房山区土壤养分的时空变异

[目的]为了给北京房山该区域科学施肥及改善土壤生态环境提供依据.[方法]基于2007年及201 9年北京市房山区土壤养分数据,结合地统计学和GIS方法,探明研究区土壤养分的时空变化特征.[结果]结果表明:研究区有机质和全氮总体上处于高等含量水平,速效钾总体上处于极高含量水平,而有效磷则处于中等较低含量水平,各养分含量均呈现显著的空间和时间变异.土壤有机质和全氮总体分布呈现山区高平原低的趋势,有效磷呈平原耕地高于山区的趋势,速效钾在整个地区都处于较高水平.有效磷的变异系数最大,属于高变异强度,其余养分含量均属于中等变异强度.研究区各项养分块基比在0.63～0.73之间,呈中等空间相关,空间变异情况受随机性因素和结构性因素共同影响,其中施肥管理、种植制度、土地利用方式等人为因素占主导.[结论]12年来,该区各养分含量总体呈上升趋势,有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量分别在55％、67％0、45％、94％的耕地中有明显升高,但研究区内仍有31％的耕地出现了有效磷含量的下降.     

丘陵山地姿态调整轮式拖拉机的设计与仿真

针对丘陵山地拖拉机作业环境复杂,对拖拉机的稳定性、通过性和地形适应性要求高的突出问题,设计了一种可进行姿态调平的丘陵山地拖拉机,主要由姿态调整后驱动桥、姿态调整前驱动桥、发动机及电液控制系统组成。姿态调整后,驱动桥设置有可独立回转摆动的轮边减速机构,实现了驱动桥刚性结构柔性调节。姿态调整前驱动桥可围绕拖拉机摇摆轴进行姿态调节。电液控制系统实时监测前、后驱动桥与地面间的坡度夹角变化,自动调节驱动桥的摆动姿态,始终使机身处于水平姿态,提高整机作业稳定性。     

氮磷钾配施对青麻叶产量及肥料利用率的影响

采取田间小区试验,研究氮磷钾配施对青麻叶肥料利用率及产量的影响,探索NPK肥料在青麻叶上的利用效率,以期为青麻叶科学施肥提供科技支撑.结果表明:N肥对青麻叶生物产量、经济产量影响最大,P肥、K肥次之,N、P、K肥料配合施用是提高青麻叶产量的关键措施;N、P、K肥料配合施用能显著提高肥料利用率,在试验条件下,N、P、K肥料配合施用青麻叶的N、P、K肥利用率分别为49.5％、27.4％、58.1％.     

黑龙江省湖泊水域成熟白鲢卵巢周期变化的研究

本文对黑龙江省湖泊、水库等水域成熟白鲢卵巢进行了解剖学、组织学观察。对卵巢的色泽和不同时相卵细胞的组织演变和数量的关系作了叙述。着重讨论了在高寒地区白鲢卵巢发育的特点：即第4时相退化卵的滤泡细胞膜不论在秋、冬两季或在春季均呈扁平，没有吞噬卵黄的现象。退化卵一直延迟到翌年5月中旬才开始吸收，于此同时，正是第3时相卵细胞迅速发育阶段，退化卵的吸收和新一代卵细胞的成长两者几乎是在同一时间进行的。所以卵巢成熟系数在周期变化中，它的波动幅度不大。