Effect of Chronic Ammonia Exposure on Energy Budget of Juvenile Soft‐shelled Turtle,Pelodiscus sinensis

Abstract.— The present work investigated the effect of chronic ammonia exposure on energy budget of juvenile soft‐shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis. Turtles (87.14 ± 4.00 g) were exposed to external total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations of C₀ (11.01 mg/L), C₁ (46.32 mg/L), C₂ (68.71 mg/L), and C₃ (97.0 mg/L), respectively, for 97 d at 29.5 C, pH 7.76. The ambient ammonia showed no significant influence on any component of the energy budget such as feed consumption, fecal production, excretion, standard metabolism, and growth. There were also no significant differences in body composition of the turtles among different treatments. Chronic exposure to ambient ammonia as high as 97 mg/L TAN did not affect energy budget of juvenile soft‐shelled turtle. The average energy budget for all turtles can be described as follows: 100 C = 9.3 F + 3.0 U + 74.6 R + 13.1 G, where C, F, U, R, and G represent energy intake, fecal energy, excretory energy loss, metabolism energy, and growth energy, respectively.     

DNA recovery from agarose gels with a simple centrifuge-driven sephadex filtration

Conventional methods of DNA recovery from agarose gel generally require expensive equipment, extended elution times, or considerable handling of the sample after elution. We developed a simple protocol for a quick and effective recovery of DNA from agarose gels with good yield and quality. Using a Sephadex resin filled spin column, DNA fragments of 500 bp to 6 kb in an agarose gel slice were easily recovered by a 2 min centrifugation. The recovery efficiencies were over 40%-50% and the eluted DNA can be used directly for downstream application, such as polymerase chain reactions (PCR) and restriction enzyme digestion. This method could also be used to recover large DNA fragment (48 kb) without degradation. The use of Sephadex helps to remove small molecular impurities from agarose and it also reduces the chance of clogging the column filter caused by direct contact with agarose.     

Effects of closing mountain for forest restoration in the watershed of Miyun reservoir,Beijing

The paper provides a systematical analysis of ecological restoration effects of natural secondary forest of closurearea in Chao Guanxi Gou, Miyun County, Beijing. The results indicate that through more than twenty years of hillclosing afforestation since 1983, canopy closure has improved almost by 0.2; forest cover rate has raised from 7.2% to 93.8%; biodiversity, tree biomass and vegetation community have increased to a great extent. Compared with the average canopy closure before hillclosing afforestation in this area, it has improved to over 0.4 in average and increased by 0.1-0.2. The forest coverage degree has reached more than 90%. Consequently, the forest plays more important roles in intercepting precipitation, improving water storage capacity of soil, decreasing the surface runoff, and preventing soil and water loss.     

利用试差法确定林业抽样调查中的样本容量

本文针对正态总体的情形,讨论了如何利用试差法确定样本容量,即利用 n=1+s~2/(Δ (?)~2)·t~2_(n-1)(a) 式反复迭代,直到求出的n值差异很小为止,这时的n值即为所求的样本容量。文中并给出了试差法在林业中的应用实例。     

Dietary dihydroartemisinin supplementation alleviates intestinal inflammatory injury through TLR4/NOD/NF-κB signaling pathway in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation

The aim of present study was to evaluate whether diets supplemented with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) could alleviate intestinal inflammatory injury in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Twelve normal birth weight (NBW) piglets and 12 piglets with IUGR were fed a basal diet (NBW-CON and IUCR-CON groups), and another 12 piglets with IUGR were fed the basal diet supplemented with DHA at 80 mg/kg (IUGR-DHA group) from 21 to 49 d of age. At 49 d of age, 8 piglets with similar body weight in each group were sacrificed. The jejunal and ileal samples were collected for further analysis. The results showed that IUGR impaired intestinal morphology, increased intestinal inflammatory response, raised enterocyte apoptosis and reduced enterocyte proliferation and activated transmembrane toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Dihydroartemisinin inclusion ameliorated intestinal morphology, indicated by increased villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, villus surface area and decreased villus width of piglets with IUGR (P < 0.05). Compared with NBW piglets, IUGR piglets supplemented with DHA exhibited higher apoptosis index and caspase-3 expression, and lower proliferation index and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in the intestine (P < 0.05). Dihydroartemisinin supplementation attenuated the intestinal inflammation of piglets with IUGR, indicated by increased concentrations of intestinal inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides (P < 0.05). In addition, DHA supplementation down-regulated the related mRNA expressions of TLR4/NOD/NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulated mRNA expressions of negative regulators of TLR4 and NOD signaling pathway in the intestine of piglets with IUGR (P < 0.05). Piglets in the IUGR-DHA group showed lower protein expressions of TLR4, phosphorylated NF-κB (pNF-κB) inhibitor α, nuclear pNF-κB, and higher protein expression of cytoplasmic pNF-κB in the intestine than those in the IUGR-CON group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, DHA supplementation could improve intestinal morphology, regulate enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and alleviate intestinal inflammation through TLR4/NOD/NF-κB signaling pathway in weaned piglets with IUGR.     

花期盐水滴灌对10份番茄种质的主要性状影响及耐盐性评价

【目的】测定10个不同番茄种质的主要植株及叶片生理性状,筛选优异的耐盐碱种质,为优异耐盐新品种改良提供参考依据。【方法】以10个不同番茄种质为试材,采用花期盐水滴灌处理,以清水滴灌为对照,采用NaCl配置的盐水(6 ms/cm)全生育期滴灌盐胁迫处理。测定盐胁迫后番茄植株的株高、茎粗、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)值、叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性。【结果】花期盐水滴灌胁迫下,不同参试番茄材料的株高、茎粗和SPAD值均不同程度降低、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、POD和CAT 酶活性不同程度提高。采用隶属函数法和主成分分析法对10个不同番茄种质的耐盐性进行综合评价,由强到弱依次为C₃>C₁>C₅>C₉>C₈> C₂>C₇>C₆>C₁₀>C₄。【结论】花期盐水滴灌胁迫导致所有参试番茄材料叶片氧化损伤发生,生长受到抑制,并通过渗透调节和抗氧化酶促系统响应盐胁迫逆境。不同番茄材料对盐水滴灌胁迫的敏感性和耐受性存在差异。材料的耐盐性由强到弱依次为C₃>C₁>C₅>C₉>C₈>C₂>C₇>C₆>C₁₀>C₄。     

河北省太行山北部地区大型真菌物种多样性

大型真菌具有重要的科学、生态和经济价值。为全面而准确了解河北太行山北部大型真菌物种多样性,本文使用踏查法对该地区进行标本采集。鉴定过程中使用形态学和分子系统学方法,并结合生态习性信息。结果显示本地区共有大型真菌241种,隶属于2门4纲15目55科100属,其中子囊菌门9种,担子菌门232种。河北省太行山北部地区含10种以上的优势科有红菇科Russulaceae、口蘑科Tricholomataceae、丝盖伞科Inocybaceae、蘑菇科Agaricaceae、多孔菌科Polyporaceae和丝膜菌科Cortinariaceae;含5种以上的优势属有红菇属Russula、丝盖伞属Inocybe、丝膜菌属Cortinarius、乳菇属Lactarius、蘑菇属Agaricus、粉褶菌属Entoloma、口蘑属Tricholoma、杯伞属Clitocybe、滑锈伞属Hebeloma和栓菌属Trametes;发现中国新记录种8个。研究表明河北省太行山北部地区大型真菌物种多样性较高,具有经济价值的共100种,其中食用菌41种,药用菌33种,药食兼用菌19种,毒菌26种,部分种类具有良好的应用前景,可为其保护和利用提供科学依据。     

稻麦轮作体系长期秸秆还田对土壤真菌群落结构及秸秆降解潜力的影响

还田秸秆腐解不及时极大程度地影响了下茬作物生长,但长期秸秆还田是否能富集秸秆腐解微生物从而促进秸秆进一步降解尚未系统阐明。本研究依托江苏省典型稻麦轮作种植区的长期秸秆还田试验（10 a）,研究了秸秆还田对土壤化学性质的影响,并利用扩增子高通量测序技术分析了秸秆还田土壤的真菌群落组成,最后通过秸秆埋盆试验测定了土壤微生物群落对小麦秸秆的降解潜力。结果表明：与未还田土壤相比,秸秆还田显著降低了土壤pH而提高了电导率,同时土壤可溶性有机碳、总磷和总碳含量分别提高了23%、24%和2%。此外,秸秆还田明显改变了土壤真菌群落组成,秸秆还田土壤中真菌群落多样性降低,优势菌子囊菌门（Ascomycota）的相对丰度提高了25%,Schizothecium、Sarocladium、Gibberella、Rhizophlyctis、Cryptococcus、Lindtneria和Myrothecium等潜在秸秆降解真菌属的相对丰度显著提高,增幅为2.5~132.3倍。秸秆还田土壤对小麦秸秆的腐解效率高于对照土壤,增幅达37%,冗余分析表明这一结果与秸秆还田对潜在秸秆降解真菌类群的富集作用有关。上述研究结果表明稻麦轮作体系下长期秸秆还田可通过提高潜在秸秆降解真菌类群丰度促进秸秆降解。     

米老排人工林节子时空分布特征及变色规律

  目的  探明米老排Mytilaria laosensis人工林节子的时空分布特征及变色规律,为培育米老排无节材提供理论参考。  方法  以位于广西凭祥市的中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心11年生米老排人工林为研究对象,选取20株米老排样木,利用节子解析的方法,对获得的1 101个完整节子进行研究。  结果  从节子发育年龄上,米老排的枝条主要从第1~2年开始生长,第2~4年是其死亡高峰期(91.9%),这些枝条(87.2%)死亡后在第5~8年内完全愈合并形成节子,其中大部分节子(76.7%)的愈合时间为3~6 a;在第2~4年米老排枝条死亡数量较多,该时段是控制节子形成的关键时期。在节子垂直分布上,节子的数量呈现随树高的增加先上升后急剧下降的趋势,且主要集中在高度为0~8.0 m的树干上。节子变色长度与节子的直径和愈合时间呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),但与分枝角度呈显著负相关(P＜0.05)。通过逐步回归,得出节子直径、死节长度、节子出现年龄以及愈合时间是影响米老排节子变色长度的关键因子,相关性达极显著水平(P＜0.01)。  结论  在米老排种植后的2~4 a,对树干8.0 m以下进行首次修枝,有助于该树种无节材的培育。采取相应的森林培育措施减小枝条基径和缩短节子愈合所需时间,有助于减少节子对木材带来的影响。图7表4参32     

坚果壳仁分离的研究现状与分析

坚果破壳取仁是坚果深加工的基础,是提高坚果附加值的重要途径,壳仁分离是坚果破壳取仁的重要工序,是提高坚果壳仁分净率和降低损失率所面临的一个重要技术难题。为此,简要介绍了国内外坚果壳仁分离的现状,重点从壳仁分离技术、壳仁混合物空气动力学特性及壳仁分离机械三方面进行了详细阐释,分析了坚果壳仁分离加工中存在的不足,指出今后坚果壳仁分离的发展方向,旨在为坚果壳仁分离术及分离设备的开发研究提供参考。