杉木林改造后的土壤pH和养分动态

利用红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)、火力楠(Michelia macclurel)、黎蒴(Castanopsis fissa)、山杜英(Elaeocarpussylvestris)和樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)对杉木林进行改造,从2008年4月到2009年4月,对5种改造林分的土壤养分动态进行研究。结果表明,各林分的土壤pH值变化范围为4.3～5.1,属强酸性土壤,一般呈现下降后上升的趋势。红锥林0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层、火力楠林、黎蒴林和山杜英林0～20 cm土层的碱解氮含量下降后上升,其他均为下降、上升后下降。土壤速效磷含量夏季(7月)较高,秋季(10月)较低。土壤有效钾呈现下降后上升的趋势。5个林分的土壤速效养分含量均为0～20 cm土层高于20～40 cm土层。     

O78败血型犊牛大肠杆菌的分离和鉴定

从发病犊牛体内分离到一株病原细菌,经微生物学鉴定表明为O78血清型的败血型犊牛大肠杆菌。     

Fatty acid productive value and β-oxidation capacity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed on different lipid sources along the whole growth period

The major aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of substituting fish oil (FO) for a vegetable oil blend (VO) as dietary lipid source on lipid catabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The experiment endured from the start of feeding until the salmon reached 2.5 kg. Total and peroxisomal β‐oxidation capacities were determined in red and white muscle and liver. In addition, fatty acid productive value (FAPV) was calculated during the four time periods the experiment was divided into. In all the three tissues, an increased β‐oxidation capacity was found prior to seawater transfer; however, calculating the difference between the peroxisomal β‐oxidation capacity and the total, the peroxisomal β‐oxidation increased more than the mitochondrial β‐oxidation capacity. Hence, in liver and red muscle, 100%and 70%, respectively, of the total β‐oxidation capacity was accounted by peroxisomes prior to seawater transfer, compared with approximately 60% and 3% during the seawater phase. In contrast, white‐muscle mitochondria was the main organelle responsible for oxidizing fatty acids during the entire experiment (>90%). However, during the period of high energy demand (parr‐smolt transformation), fish fed VO exhibited significantly lower β‐oxidation capacity than fish fed FO, coinciding with low FAPV and low specific growth rate (SGR). Further, during periods of high growth rate, fish oxidized even essential fatty acids (18:2n‐6, 18:3n‐3, 20:5n‐3, and 22:6n‐3) when given in surplus. Low dietary levels of essential fatty acids gave significantly higher FAPV of these fatty acids in the whole body. However, the FAPV of 22:1n‐11 was low, indicating that this fatty acid is highly utilized as a substrate for β‐oxidation, irrespective of the dietary levels. There were no differences in whole lipid content between fish fed either FO or VO.     

冷藏保护剂对坛紫菜幼苗冷藏效果的影响

对采用不同冷藏保护剂保护的坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)幼苗,经不同冷藏时间后的存活与生长发育情况进行研究,探讨影响冷藏效果的一些相关因素。结果显示:(1)在常温下,不同浓度梯度的胞内保护剂(甘油、DMSO)比胞外保护剂(葡萄糖、蔗糖)对坛紫菜幼苗成活的影响大,幼苗分别在20%DMSO和35%甘油中培养48 h,其成活率为15%和0%;(2)从单一冷藏保护剂的作用来看,甘油的冷冻保护效果优于DMSO,幼苗在20%-25%甘油保护剂作用下冷藏30 d,成活率为100%,冷藏90 d的成活率为25%-35%;葡萄糖和蔗糖作为单一的冷藏保护剂,冷藏15 d后幼苗全部死亡;(3)甘油 DMSO两种胞内保护剂混合冷藏30 d,成活率为85%;(4)甘油 DMSO 葡萄糖不同浓度组合的冷藏效果较好,冷藏180 d后仍达到95%以上的成活率;(5)盐度和藻体细胞壁的厚度与冷藏效果有关。当盐度为25时,冷藏藻体的细胞成活率高于其他盐度实验组;藻体细胞壁的厚薄对保存效果有影响,同一品系的藻体,细胞壁厚的比细胞壁薄的细胞更耐低温,成活率较高;(6)同株藻体不同部位冷藏30 d后成活率存在差异。     

枯草芽孢杆菌KXZ-33与化学药剂协同防控棉花枯萎病的效果评价

【目的】分析生防细菌与化学杀菌剂复配效果,筛选出有效防治棉花枯萎病的配方组合处理种子,为棉花病害绿色防控提供技术支撑。【方法】以棉花枯萎病主要致病菌尖孢镰刀菌为研究对象,采用室内平板对峙试验筛选拮抗细菌,含毒介质法对化学杀菌剂进行毒力测定,相容性测定筛选出与生防细菌协同使用的化学杀菌剂;评价盆栽试验防病效果。【结果】6种生防细菌对尖孢镰刀菌均有抑制作用,抑制率在56.69%~79.53%,其中枯草芽孢杆菌KXZ-33对其抑制率最好,为79.53%。化学药剂甲基硫菌灵、多菌灵、福美双抑菌效果较好,EC₅₀分别为15.840 1、18.018 0、12.794 0 mg/L。KXZ-33与20 mg/L的甲基硫菌灵的相容性最高为90.46%,活菌数为2.18×10⁷ cfu/mL。KXZ-33与10 mg/L多菌灵在7 d防治效果最高为90.5%,28 d下降为27.0%;KXZ-33与10 mg/L甲基硫菌灵协同防治棉花枯萎病7 d防效为87.7%,28 d防病效果为43.7%。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌KXZ-33种子处理与喷施50%甲基硫菌灵10 mg/L防治棉花枯萎病可以起到提高防效,弥补生防细菌在农业生产中的防效不稳定的同时可以减少化学农药的使用量。     

犊牛胰腺和小肠消化酶变化规律的研究

试验选用黑白花公犊牛21头,研究我国常规饲养管理条件下0～6月龄犊牛胰腺与小肠中主要消化酶的发育规律和变化模式。结果表明:小肠中胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性随月龄的增长而增强,且在空肠段中酶活性均较高,6月龄分别达到11.73、914.03U/g蛋白质和423.23U/g蛋白质,乳糖酶则随月龄的增长活性降低;胰淀粉酶活性随月龄显著增长(P<0.05),0月龄胰脏内淀粉酶活性为177.19U/g蛋白质,2月龄酶活达5605.67U/g蛋白质,比0月龄增长32倍;脂肪酶活性0～1月龄间差异不显著(P>0.05),2月龄酶活显著增高(P<0.05)。由此可见各种消化酶的变化规律是不同的,它们在十二指肠、空肠和回肠的分布具有明显的区域性,空肠是营养物质消化的主要部位。     

Antioxidant status and immunity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed semi-purified diets with and without astaxanthin supplementation

Abstract. Parr of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were fed semi-purified diets supplemented with 60 mg astaxanthin kg⁻¹ and without astaxanthin supplementation for 10.5 months. The astaxanthin concentration in the non-supplemented diet was analysed to be 6–0 mg kg⁻¹ The growth of the fish was significantly affected by the dietary treatment. The mean daily weight gain in the groups fed the supplemented diets was 0.39% throughout the period, whereas the groups fed the non-supplemented diet had a mean daily weight gain of 0.18%. The dry matter and fat content were significantly higher in fish fed the supplemented diet. The astaxanthin concentration in the muscle of fish fed the astaxanthin-supplemented diet was 2–7 mg kg⁻¹ versus 0–3 mg kg⁻¹ in the non-supplemented fish. Antioxidant vitamins in the muscle (retinol, α-tocopherol) and liver (retinol, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) were two to 20 times higher in the fish in the supplemented group, suggesting antioxidant sparing effects. Blood haemoglobin and immunological parameters tended to be higher in fish fed the low astaxanthin diet although the difference was not significant. However, the resistance to challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida was higher in fish fed the astaxanthin supplemented diet. This may be due to a difference in weight at the time of the challenge which, in turn, may have influenced the body composition and smoltification of the fish. A relationship between dietary astaxanthin concentration and antioxidant status in both liver and muscle was observed, and this may also have had an influence on the observed differences in blood parameters and disease resistance.     

工业化循环水福利养殖关键技术与智能装备的研究

基于水产福利养殖的理念,结合封闭循环水系统养殖环境可控性高的突出特点,倡导构建适合中国国情的工业化循环水福利养殖产业模式,已成为推动我国现代渔业可持续发展的战略需求。为此,本综述从工厂化循环水鱼类养殖福利影响因子分析、集约化养殖鱼类的福利需求、工厂化循环水模式下水产福利养殖的科学评价标准制定等方面入手,开展了封闭循环水系统实施福利养殖的关键技术与智能装备集成的研究,为今后规范我国水产工业化福利养殖的生产过程管控,建立水产福利养殖保障机制,真正提高水产品质量与安全水平提供理论和技术依据。     

河南省柞蚕区一化二放生产的问题分析

河南柞蚕区一化二放生产中,柞蚕种质量难以保障,秋蚕放养不集中,饲料质量差,病虫害严重。提出了秋蚕放养技术及药物防治的生产措施。     

NaCl胁迫对4种园林植物养分含量和贮量的影响

【目的】探讨NaCl胁迫对大红花Hibiscus rosa-sinensis、龙船花Ixora chinensis、鹅掌藤Schefflera arboricola和朱蕉Cordyline fruticosa元素含量和贮量的影响,为盐胁迫下的植物养分管理提供科学依据。【方法】选取上述4种园林植物为材料,采用模拟盐胁迫环境的方法,设置w为0(对照)、0.3%和0.6%NaCl胁迫水平,分析4种园林植物的Na、Cl、N、P和K含量及贮量。【结果】各植物不同器官的Na、Cl、N、P和K质量分数分别为0.30~19.66、0.12~25.79、5.72~23.86、0.92~2.86和6.77~26.67 g·kg~(-1)。NaCl胁迫使各器官的Na和Cl含量大幅度增加。大红花、龙船花各器官的N含量均随NaCl胁迫浓度增加而显著升高,鹅掌藤和朱蕉各器官的N含量、4种园林植物各器官的P含量及叶片和茎的K含量变化无明显规律,4种园林植物根的K含量均减少。NaCl胁迫增加了4种园林植物各器官的Na贮量(鹅掌藤的根除外),增加了大红花、龙船花和朱蕉各器官的Cl贮量,NaCl胁迫减少了大红花根以外的植物各器官的N贮量及4种植物的P和K贮量。NaCl胁迫后,Na和Cl贮量的变化幅度比N、P和K大,且主要集中在叶和茎。除朱蕉的根以外,所有植物器官的K+/Na+含量比均随NaCl胁迫浓度的增加而降低,且除龙船花以外的其他植物叶和根的K+/Na+含量比下降幅度小于茎,大红花和鹅掌藤的各器官K+/Na+含量比下降幅度小于龙船花和朱蕉。【结论】本研究的4种园林植物中,大红花和鹅掌藤抵御盐害的能力较强。