Nitrogen Deep Placement Combined with Straw Mulch Cultivation Enhances Physiological Traits,Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Mechanical Pot-Seedling Transplanting Rice

To assess the effects of straw return coupled with deep nitrogen (N) fertilization on grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting (MPST) rice, the seedlings of two rice cultivars, i.e., Yuxiangyouzhan and Wufengyou 615 transplanted by MPST were applied with N fertilizer at 150 kg/hm² and straw return at 6 t/hm² in early seasons of 2019 and 2020. The experiment comprised of following treatments: CK (no fertilizer and no straw return), MDS (deep N fertilization and straw return), MBS (broadcasting fertilizer and straw return), MD (deep N fertilization without straw return), MB (broadcasting fertilizer without straw return). Results depicted that the MDS treatment significantly increased the rice yield by 41.69%?72.22% due to total above-ground biomass, leaf area index and photosynthesis increased by 54.70%?55.80%, 38.52%?52.17% and 17.89%?28.40%, respectively, compared to the MB treatment. In addition, the MDS treatment enhanced the total N accumulation by 37.74%?43.69%, N recovery efficiency by 141.45%?164.65%, N agronomic efficiency by 121.76%? 134.19%, nitrate reductase by 46.46%?60.86% and glutamine synthetase by 23.56%?31.02%, compared to the MB treatment. The average grain yield and NUE in both years for Yuxiangyouzhan were higher in the MDS treatment than in the MD treatment. Hence, deep N fertilization combined with straw return can be an innovative technique with improved grain yield and NUE in MPST in South China.     

圈养黇鹿对北方4种常见苗木叶片适口性浅析

为研究鹿科动物食性,探讨树叶用作鹿科动物饲料的可能性,以黇鹿为试验对象,选取北方常见榆树、刺槐、垂柳及毛白杨等4种树种新鲜叶片作为饲料,对其适口性进行分析。结果表明,黇鹿对4种叶片喜食程度依次为榆树叶、刺槐叶、垂柳叶和毛白杨叶;通过对叶片粗蛋白质含量(CP%)、酸洗纤维(ADF%)、中洗纤维(NDF%)等7种生化指标测定发现叶片中的CP含量(P=0.001)、ADF含量(P=0.025)及NDF含量(P=0.032)是影响其对叶片选择的关键因素。     

Spatial–temporal variations in biosonar activity of Yangtze finless porpoise in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its correlation with underwater noise: Are quieter non-shipping branches the remaining shelters?

1. Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP) is Critically Endangered, It relies on its biological sonar sensing system for important life activities. The rapid development of the Yangtze valley has brought busy shipping, which has resulted in increased noise.
2. Two locations on the shipping channel and non-shipping branch were selected. Passive acoustic monitoring was used to record the biosonar signals of porpoises and underwater noise. The number of click trains, echolocation encounters, buzzes and buzz ratios were counted and the root mean square sound pressure level of noise was calculated in five diel phases.
3. A non-parametric test was used to analyse the differences among different phases and between different locations. The aim of the study was to detect the spatial and temporal variations in the biosonar activity of YFPs and underwater noise between non-shipping and shipping channels, and to provide scientific advice for YFP conservation.
4. Significant spatial and temporal patterns were observed both in biosonar activity and noise. Average biosonar activity, including click trains, buzzes, buzz ratio and echolocation encounters, was higher in the non-shipping channel than in the shipping channel, whereas the noise level was higher in the shipping channel than in the non-shipping channel.
5. In the non-shipping channel, the buzz numbers and buzz ratios, indicators of porpoise feeding activity, were higher at night than during the day while the noise level was higher during the day than at night.
6. These findings may be associated with the noise avoidance strategies of YFPs to adapt to the busy shipping on the Yangtze River. Maintaining the non-shipping status of some branches of the Yangtze River can provide more shelters for the YFPs. Strengthening the measures for banning navigation at night or reducing the vessel speed at night throughout the entire year would improve the YFPs’ feeding success.

     

调亏灌溉条件下冬小麦籽粒灌浆特征及其模拟模型

在移动式防雨棚下,采用盆栽土培方法,以冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）为试验材料进行了调亏灌溉（regulated deficit irrigation,RDI）试验研究,目的在于了解RDI对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响,并对其进行模拟,为建立冬小麦RDI指标与模式提供理论依据与技术参数。试验采用二因素（水分调亏阶段和调节亏水度）随机区组设计。结果表明,RDI条件下冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程符合“缓-快-慢”的“S”型生长曲线,并可用Richards方程进行较好的模拟;不同水分调亏处理间最大灌浆速率及其出现时间、平均灌浆速率、灌浆持续期、活跃生长期和3个灌浆阶段灌浆持续期,以及最终千粒质量等特征参数差异达显著水平;其中,越冬期轻度调亏具有最高的平均灌浆速率（每百粒0.234 g/d）、最大灌浆速率（每百粒0.369 g/d）、最高的第3阶段灌浆速率（每百粒0.099 g/d）和最高的千粒质量（58.46 g）。经相关和逐步回归分析灌浆参数与千粒质量的关系,结果表明,多数参数间存在着显著或极显著的相关性,其中,与千粒质量有显著或极显著相关关系的参数有最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、活跃生长期和第3阶段灌浆速率等。     

邻域距离对细胞自动机模型模拟土地利用变化精度的影响

细胞自动机原理广泛应用于土地利用变化空间模拟。邻域距离是细胞自动机模型的主要参数,但在以往研究中讨论较少。该研究利用土地利用变化模型（CLUE-S）邻域模拟模块,以北京市密云县1991－2004年的土地利用变化模拟为例,研究了模型中不同邻域距离参数对土地利用空间变化模拟精度的影响。基于1991年真实土地利用数据,选择200、400、600、1 000和1 200 m的邻域距离在两种邻域形状下分别模拟了2004年土地利用空间分布。通过2004年实际土地利用空间数据和模拟数据比较,利用kappa系数评价模拟结果精度。结果表明,在两种邻域形状下,邻域距离的变化对模拟结果精度都有较大影响。环状邻域距离的增大会导致模拟精度的降低,面状邻域距离的增大则导致模拟精度先增后降。不同土地类型对邻域距离变化的敏感程度和反应皆不相同。今后在土地利用变化模型应用中,对细胞自动机模型的验证过程中需考虑对邻域距离的研究和讨论。     

温室滴灌条件下番茄植株茎流变化规律试验

为探明滴灌条件下温室番茄植株茎流速率变化规律及其影响因素,本文采用Dynamax公司开发的包裹式茎流计观测日光温室番茄植株的茎流变化,研究茎流速率的变化规律及茎流速率监测结果的标准化处理技术,探索植株茎流与气象因子的相互关系,分析水分胁迫对番茄植株茎流速率的影响。研究表明,采用单位叶面积上的茎流速率表征茎流变化规律可在一定程度上降低因探头安装位置不同对监测结果的影响;在充分供水条件下,影响番茄植株茎流速率的主要因子是太阳辐射和饱和水气压差,番茄植株的日茎流速率与太阳辐射呈线性关系,与饱和差呈对数关系（R2＞0.90,P＜0.01）;土壤水分状况会明显影响番茄植株茎流状况,茎流速率随水分胁迫加剧而骤减。研究结果证明番茄植株茎流速率经标准化处理后可以真实的反映植株蒸腾规律。     

基于颜色特征的玉米种子纯度识别

为准确快速的识别出玉米种子中的杂粒,提高玉米种的纯度,该文提出一种以玉米种子冠部与侧面颜色作为特征向量进行纯度识别的新方法。该方法首先将玉米种子原始图像进行背景分割、单粒提取,然后进行冠部核心区域及侧面RGB、HSV颜色特征向量的提取,最后采用Fisher判别理论将多维特征向量投影到一维空间中,进行K-均值聚类分析。试验结果证明：利用Fisher判别理论在一维空间上进行K-均值聚类分析,玉米种子纯度的识别率高于93.75%。影响玉米种子正确识别率的主要因素是投影方向的选择及正确的冠部核心区域的提取。     

商陆不同极性、根和茎提取物的抑菌性能分析

为探究商陆不同极性、部位提取物的抑菌性能,本实验分别从商陆根和茎中提取石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和水相4种不同极性的提取物,再采用滤纸片法测量提取物对大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphyloccocus aureus）、巨大芽孢杆菌（Bacillus megaterium）和副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyt-icus）4种细菌的抑制性能。结果表明,部分商陆的提取物有一定的抑菌活性,如根正丁醇相对巨大芽孢杆菌和副溶血弧菌,茎水相对副溶血弧菌的抑菌圈在10mm以上,但总体上商陆的提取物的抑菌性能远不及头孢氨苄好。实验还发现商陆抑菌活性最强的物质大都存在于根中,且抑菌活性最强的物质大都存在于水和正丁醇这种极性较高的溶剂的提取物中,不同提取物对不同细菌的抑菌活性情况不一致。因此本研究结果可以为商陆提取物抑菌性能的进一步探索提供参考。     

纤维素降解真菌A25-2的分离、鉴定及其产纤维素酶的酶学特性

本研究以Avicel-刚果红选择培养基为初筛培养基,从云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区和广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区的土壤样品中分离筛选得到4200株真菌,从中筛选出透明圈与菌落直径比较大、透明程度较为清晰的12个菌株。通过液体培养发酵,测定其上清液中的羧甲基纤维素酶活力、滤纸酶活力和Avicel酶活力,最终筛选出一株产该三种酶且其活力均最高的真菌菌株A25-2。通过对菌株A25-2形态学观察和其内转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）序列同源性比对分析,将菌株A25-2鉴定为哈茨木霉（Hypocrea lixii）。酶活测定结果表明菌株A25-2产纤维素酶的酶活力较高,在最适作用pH4.5和最适作用温度55℃下,其羧甲基纤维素酶活力为2.26IU/mL,滤纸酶活力为0.58IU/mL,Avicel酶活力为0.39IU/mL。薄层层析实验表明A25-2具有完整的纤维素酶系统。因此,真菌A25-2可作为饲料加工等生产和纤维素酶相关研究的备选菌株。