Content of Nutrient and Antinutrient in Edible Flowers of Wild Plants in Mexico

Nutrient and antinutritional/toxic factors present in some edible flowers consumed in Mexico were determined. The edible flowers were: Agave salmiana, Aloe vera, Arbutus xalapensis, Cucurbita pepo (cultivated), Erythrina americana, Erythrina caribaea, Euphorbia radians benth and Yucca filifera. The nutrient content in the flowers studied is similar to that of the edible leaves and flowers studied mainly in Africa. The moisture content of the flowers varied from 860 to 932 g kg⁻¹. Crude protein (CP) was between 113 to 275 g kg⁻¹ DM, crude fiber, 104 to 177 g kg⁻¹ DM and the nitrogen free extract, between 425 to 667 g kg⁻¹ DM. The highest chemical score (CS) was found in E. americana and A. salmiana; in five samples the limiting amino acid was lysine, and in three of them it was tryptophan. Trypsin inhibitors and hemaglutinnins had a very low concentration. Alkaloids were present in both the Erythrina species and the saponins in A. salmiana and Y. filifera. Cyanogenic glucosides were not found in the studied flowers. The traditional process of preparing these specific flowers before consumption is by cooking them and discarding the broth; in this way the toxic substances are diminished or eliminated. These edible flowers from wild plants consumed in local areas of the country play an important role in the diet of the people at least during the short time of the season where they are blooming.     

Flumorph Is a Novel Fungicide That Disrupts Microfilament Organization in Phytophthora melonis

ABSTRACT The mechanism of the effects of flumorph (a novel fungicide) was investigated by analyzing alterations of hyphal morphology, cell wall deposition patterns, F-actin organization, and other organelles in Phytophthora melonis. Calcofluor white staining suggested that flumorph did not inhibit the synthesis of cell wall materials, but disturbed the polar deposition of newly synthesized cell wall materials during cystospore germination and hyphal growth. After exposure to flumorph, zoospores were able to switch into cystospores accompanied with the formation of a cell wall, whereas cystospores failed to induce the isotropic-polar switch and did not produce germ tubes but continued the isotropic growth phase. In flumorph-treated hyphae, the most characteristic change was the development of periodic swelling ("beaded" morphology) and the disruption of tip growth. Newly synthesized cell wall materials were deposited uniformly throughout the diffuse expanded region of hyphae, in contrast to their normal polarized patterns of deposition. These alterations were the result of F-actin disruption, identified with the fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC)-phalloidin staining. The disruption of F-actin also was accompanied by disorganized organelles: each swelling of subapical hyphae was associated with a nucleus. Vesicles did not undergo polarized secretion to the apical hyphae, but diffused around nuclei for the subapical growth; thus, the cell wall was thickened with periodic expansion along the hyphae. Upon removing flumorph, normal tip growth and organized F-actin were observed again. These data, as well as data published earlier, suggest that flumorph may be involved in the impairment of cell polar growth through directly or indirectly disrupting the organization of F-actin. The primary site of action by flumorph in the disruption of the F-actin organization is under investigation.     

贮藏温度和种子含水率对水曲柳种子活力指标的影响

为探明解除休眠水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)种子适宜的贮藏条件,以解除休眠的水曲柳种子为材料,经室温自然阴干至不同含水率(低含水率7%、中等含水率10%和高含水率14%),分析种子不同含水率和不同温度(25℃、5℃、-20℃)干燥贮藏后的萌发表现。结果表明：种子含水率、贮藏温度以及两者交互作用均对干燥贮藏后水曲柳种子的发芽率、发芽指数、发芽时间影响极显著(P<0.01);室温贮藏条件下,种子含水率越高,水曲柳种子发芽率越低;低温(-20℃、5℃)贮藏条件下,高含水率种子仍然可以保持很高的发芽率。因此,生产实践中,低温贮藏种子的含水率控制在7%～14%,室温条件下贮藏种子含水率控制在7%。若短期贮藏水曲柳种子可以选择5℃条件贮藏,长期贮藏水曲柳种子选择-20℃较适宜。     

钙镁磷肥对元胡种植区酸化土壤改良效果的探究

为了探究钙镁磷肥对元胡种植区土壤酸化的阻控作用,通过连续两年的钙镁磷肥田间定位试验,以上元观镇当地元胡种植户施肥习惯为对照(CK),研究分析了在氮、钾肥用量相同的情况下,施用钙、镁、磷肥750 kg/hm~2、1 500 kg/hm~2和2 250 kg/hm~2,对土壤pH、交换性酸、阳离子交换量(CEC)、交换性盐基离子以及土壤基本肥力水平的影响。通过测算投入、产出效益,结果表明：施用钙镁磷肥能显著提升土壤pH水平,较(CK)处理提升0.27～0.31个单位,T100、T150两个处理能显著降低土壤交换性酸总量和交换性氢含量,对降低交换性铝有一定作用。施用钙镁磷肥较(CK)处理能显著提升阳离子交换量(CEC)以及交换性钙和交换性镁,是阻控土壤酸化的主要作用机制。但当施用量达到2 250 kg/hm~2时,种植元胡的新增纯收益会有所下降,伴随产生土壤中磷素过量的问题,会有造成磷素流失产生农业面源污染的风险。因此在汉中元胡种植区土壤酸化改良中推荐钙镁磷肥施用量750～1 500 kg/hm~2。     

珍稀濒危植物独花兰研究进展

独花兰为我国兰科特有珍稀濒危植物。基于文献调研,本文分析了独花兰近年来国内外研究现状,针对独花兰的分布区域、群落特征、繁育特征、组织培养育苗技术及遗传与变异五个方面进行综述,以期为独花兰的深入研究提供参考依据。     

枣庄市推动小农生产典型措施·成效和对策建议

小农经济,亦称“个体农民经济”,是以家庭为单位、生产资料个体所有制为基础,完全或主要依靠自己劳动,满足自身消费为主的小规模农业经济。小农经济是我国目前主要的农业生产方式,在国民生产中占据重要比例。近年来,枣庄市积极作为,在扶持小农生产、把小农生产引入现代农业发展轨道上做出了积极探索。分析了枣庄市在推动小农经济方面产生的典型经验做法,为其他地市提供借鉴。     

基于R语言的GGE双标图在江苏省淮南玉米区域试验中的应用

通过基于R语言的GGE双标图法分析了15个玉米品种的丰产性、稳产性同时分析了8个试验点对参试品种的区分力和代表性。结果表明,先玉1980(G10)高产且稳产;而DJ1803(G09)较高产,但稳产性稍差。综合各试验点的区分力和代表性,如皋(E6)试点的区分力和代表性最好,是理想的试验点。江苏中江种业股份有限公司(E2)、江苏省农业科学院(E3)之间以及大华育种研究院盐城研究所(E5)、江苏神农大丰种业科技有限公司盐城基地(E7)之间存在紧密正相关,表明有些试验点也许是重复设置的,应该剔除冗余的试点,以减少试验成本。     

甘薯苗期耐低氮基因型筛选及不同氮效率类型综合评价

【目的】建立甘薯品种（系）耐低氮能力评价体系,筛选耐低氮基因型甘薯材料和评价不同氮效率类型,为研究耐低氮甘薯生理机制和挖掘氮高效基因奠定基础。【方法】采用水培试验,以来自国内外不同薯区的126份甘薯品种（系）为材料,低氮胁迫（0 mmol·L^-1纯氮）和正常施氮（14 mmol·L^-1纯氮）处理下,收集126个品种（系）地上干重、地上干物质增加量、地下干物质增加量、总干物质增加率、根冠比、蔓长、根长、叶数、叶绿素相对含量（CCI）、氮积累量和氮素生理利用效率11个性状表征值,计算各指标耐低氮胁迫指数。利用综合隶属函数法,进行主成分分析、回归分析和聚类分析,综合评价各甘薯品种耐低氮能力和氮效率类型。【结果】1）低氮水平条件下,不同供试甘薯品种（系）的地上干重、地上部干物质增加量、地下部干物质增加量、总干物质增加率、根长、蔓长、叶数、CCI、氮素积累量的均值低于正常氮处理,根冠比和氮素生理利用效率的均值高于正常氮处理;2）不同品种（系）的地上干重、地上部干物质增加量、地下部干物质增加量、总干物质增加率、根冠比、根长、蔓长、叶数、氮素积累量和氮素生理利用效率的变异系数高于正常氮处理,且其增幅排序为地上干物质增加量>总干物质增加率>地下干物质增加量>叶数>地上干重>氮素生理利用效率>氮积累量>根长>根冠比>蔓长;3）对11个指标的耐低氮胁迫指数进行主成分分析,3个主成分的累计方差贡献率达到72.67%,计算综合评价值Y;4）地上干重、地上部干物质增加量、地下部干物质增加量、总干物质增加率、叶数、蔓长、根长、根冠比、氮积累量、氮素生理利用效率的耐低氮胁迫指数与Y值的相关性达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,其中,地上部干物质增加量、地下部干物质增加量、总干物质增加率、氮积累量和地上干重5项耐低氮胁迫指数的相关性较高,相关系数分别为0.85、0.86、0.81、0.79和0.73;5）建立Y值回归方程,选定耐低氮能力评价的8个指标,并进行系统聚类,划分甘薯基因型为耐低氮型、中间型、不耐低氮型3类;并对3种耐低氮甘薯类型的农艺性状和氮效率性状进行方差分析。【结论】地上干重、地上部干物质增加量,地下部干物质增加量、根长、蔓长、叶数、氮素积累量和氮素生理利用效率作为甘薯耐低氮能力评价的指标;13104-2/紫薯1号、宜宾红心薯、浙紫薯2号、渝紫3号、渝紫6号、漯紫1号和渝紫香10号7个为耐低氮型甘薯品种;耐低氮型品种的各性状表现好于中间型和不耐低氮型,其中,地上干重、地上部干物质增加量、地下部干物质增加量、蔓长和氮积累量差异显著。     

基于适宜概率模型的柑橘生产空间模拟变化

土地利用/土地覆被变化模拟是土地科学的重要内容。随着全球变化研究的不断深入,LUCC变化模拟已逐步深入到农作物空间。开展长时序农作物空间变化模拟有助于揭示农业生产过程中“人类-自然”综合体的复杂关系。然而目前农作物空间模拟研究较少,已有模型在空间映射关系,对象识别等尚存技术局限,模型应用也主要集中在粮食作物。本文构建了基于适宜概率的柑橘生产空间分配模型,对四川省柑橘生产空间分布进行了模拟研究。结果显示：该模型较好地反映了1980—2015年柑橘统计特征,各时期统计面积和模拟面积的相对误差均＜25%。在县域尺度上,统计面积和模拟面积的相关系数在0.987 6~0.999 9,呈现明显的线性相关,达到了极显著相关。1980—2015年间,四川省柑橘空间快速扩张,柑橘模拟面积的时序变化与统计面积一致。柑橘空间集中在川中丘陵区和成都平原区。空间格局从分散零星向区域集聚转变,大致形成了成都平原、川南、川东北3个柑橘集中区。SPAM-Citrus模型误差受空间分辨率、空间分配规则、土地覆被、作物分布点的共同影响。在应用中应尽量选择种植年限较长的采样点,同时面向研究对象和区域,选择合适分辨率和空间分配规则,提高预测结果的准确性。