构造柱施工质量的几项控制措施的一点体会

本文作者介绍了构造柱的设置、施工程序等 ,并且对其施工质量常出现的问题提出了几项控制措施。     

青枯菌对桉树及非寄主树木根部吸附和侵入的比较

通过接种青枯菌与非病原的大肠杆菌,对2个桉树无性系和1种非寄主树木的根表吸附菌量及根内含菌量进行测定.结果表明:青枯菌对感病寄主根表的吸附量多于对抗病寄主和非寄主根表的吸附量,对感病寄主根部的侵入量多于对抗病寄主但少于对非寄主根部的侵入量;病原菌较非病原菌对感病寄主根表的吸附量大,但二者对感病寄主根部的侵入量则依据根部伤口的有无而互有高低.青枯菌接种24 h内,感病寄主根表吸附菌量和根内含菌量呈上升趋势,在抗病寄主及非寄主根表的吸附菌量和根内含菌量却呈下降趋势.从统计学上看,青枯菌对寄主根部的吸附和侵入都显示出了一定的选择性,但由于病原细菌能够大量地吸附和侵入抗病寄主和非寄主根部,非病原细菌也能够大量地吸附和侵入桉树根部,因此这种选择性的生物学意义不大,青枯菌对桉树根表没有表现出明显的识别行为.     

花色多态植物紫薇花部综合特征与繁育系统

[目的]紫薇具有红色、紫色和白色等显著不同的花色以及形态、大小和颜色明显不同的2种雄蕊,使其成为花色多态型和异型雄蕊研究的良好材料.对紫薇花部综合特征和繁育系统进行系统研究,探究紫薇不同花色植株的繁殖策略以及2种雄蕊在传粉过程中的功能作用.[方法]通过野外定点观测,采用传粉昆虫调查、人工授粉以及人工控制套袋试验等方法对紫薇3种花色植株的花部形态特征、开花进程、传粉式样以及花朵的功能形态特征进行检测.[结果]1)3种花色植株的花期和单花开放进程基本相同(单花花期为4～5天).2)3种花色植株的花在形态特征上存在差异.3)3种花色植株的短雄蕊数表现为白色花植株＞紫色花植株＞红色花植株,花色间存在显著差异(P＜0.05);红色花植株的单花花粉量和P/O值显著低于其他2种花色植株(P＜0.05).4)3种花色植株的花粉活性和柱头可授性动态变化趋势相似;花粉寿命与柱头可授期有部分重叠,长雄蕊花粉活性最高时期早于柱头最佳可授期,短雄蕊的与柱头最佳可授期同步;白色和紫色花植株的柱头最佳可授期比红色花植株的长(约2h).5)2种雄蕊在形态、颜色、花粉量、人工控制试验条件下的结实率和结籽数以及传粉昆虫访花行为等方面都存在显著差异,说明2种雄蕊在传粉过程中存在功能分化,即黄色短雄蕊主要起招引昆虫作用,暗黄色长雄蕊主要起传粉作用;但2种雄蕊在花粉活性、花粉组织化学成分以及人工控制授粉后的结实率等方面均无显著差异,表明二者在生理上尚未分化;去除雄蕊试验表明,雄蕊的排列方式是影响2种雄蕊功能分化程度的重要因素.6)P/O值、套袋试验以及传粉昆虫观察结果表明,紫薇不存在无融合生殖、主动自交和自交不亲和现象,其交配方式是以异交为主、自交亲和的兼性异交繁育系统.7)传粉昆虫对红色花植株有明显偏好,访问该花色植株的频率显著高于其他2种花色植株(P＜0.01);人工授粉后,白色和紫色花植株的结实率显著提高.[结论]在自然条件下,紫薇的白色和紫色花植株存在一定的花粉限制.此时,增加对雄性功能的投入、延长柱头最佳可授期是其维持繁殖成效的适应策略;在传粉过程中,2种雄蕊既有分工,又有协作.2种雄蕊花药开裂时间不同步,花粉活力维持时间也不同,花粉的这种装配机制是紫薇提高花粉输出效率的繁殖策略.     

用星点设计-效应面法优化锥栗总黄酮超声提取工艺

为了优选锥栗中总黄酮的超声提取工艺条件,以乙醇体积分数、提取时间、液固比为试验因素,以锥栗总黄酮的提取率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用星点设计–效应面法(CCD-RSM),对锥栗总黄酮的提取工艺条件进行了优化试验。结果表明,锥栗总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为:80%乙醇,超声提取20min,固液比为24,提取温度为50℃。按此工艺提取,总黄酮的提取率为0.0685%;且此方法操作简便,结果稳定,预测性良好。     

Design, synthesis, and quantitative structure-activity relationship study of herbicidal analogues of pyrazolo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazin-4(3H)ones

A series of pyrazolo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazin-4(3H)one derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their herbicidal activities where some of these compounds provided >80% control of Brassica campestris at 10 microg/mL. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies were performed on these compounds using physicochemical parameters (electronic, Verloop, or hydrophobic) as independent parameters and herbicidal activity as a dependent parameter, where herbicidal activity correlated best (r > 0.8) with physicochemical parameters in this set of molecules. The herbicidal activity against B. campestris was mainly affected by the molar refractivity (MR) for R1, Taft (Eso) for R2 or R6, Verloop (Lm) for R3 or R5, and electronic parameters (Hammett's constants) for R4. The optimal MR for herbicidal activity is 0.95. The herbicidal activity against Echinochloa crus-galli was mainly related with the substituents' hydrophobic parameter. The optimal pi parameters for R1 and R4 for herbicidal activity are 0.72 and 0.68, respectively. In general, these compounds showed greater herbicidal activity toward B. campestris than E. crus-galli.     

Flumorph Is a Novel Fungicide That Disrupts Microfilament Organization in Phytophthora melonis

ABSTRACT The mechanism of the effects of flumorph (a novel fungicide) was investigated by analyzing alterations of hyphal morphology, cell wall deposition patterns, F-actin organization, and other organelles in Phytophthora melonis. Calcofluor white staining suggested that flumorph did not inhibit the synthesis of cell wall materials, but disturbed the polar deposition of newly synthesized cell wall materials during cystospore germination and hyphal growth. After exposure to flumorph, zoospores were able to switch into cystospores accompanied with the formation of a cell wall, whereas cystospores failed to induce the isotropic-polar switch and did not produce germ tubes but continued the isotropic growth phase. In flumorph-treated hyphae, the most characteristic change was the development of periodic swelling ("beaded" morphology) and the disruption of tip growth. Newly synthesized cell wall materials were deposited uniformly throughout the diffuse expanded region of hyphae, in contrast to their normal polarized patterns of deposition. These alterations were the result of F-actin disruption, identified with the fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC)-phalloidin staining. The disruption of F-actin also was accompanied by disorganized organelles: each swelling of subapical hyphae was associated with a nucleus. Vesicles did not undergo polarized secretion to the apical hyphae, but diffused around nuclei for the subapical growth; thus, the cell wall was thickened with periodic expansion along the hyphae. Upon removing flumorph, normal tip growth and organized F-actin were observed again. These data, as well as data published earlier, suggest that flumorph may be involved in the impairment of cell polar growth through directly or indirectly disrupting the organization of F-actin. The primary site of action by flumorph in the disruption of the F-actin organization is under investigation.     

沙地柏根际促生耐寒短杆菌SDB5的分离和功能鉴定

从沙地柏根中分离到1株根际促生菌,并对其特征进行鉴定。为明确其功能,以水稻为试验材料,用梯度Na₂CO₃模拟盐碱胁迫,研究该菌对水稻种子萌发及生理指标的影响;并在盐碱地中研究该菌对水稻农艺性状的影响。结果显示：（1）该菌为杆状,菌落呈白色,革兰氏阳性,长约2 667 nm,宽约906.7 nm,16S rDNA测序表明,其属于耐寒短杆菌属,命名为SDB5 (Brevibacterium frigoritolerans SDB5)。菌体内生长素含量为 356.90 ng/g,细胞分裂素主要是异戊烯基腺苷和异戊烯基腺嘌呤,含量分别为2.13 ng/g和48.57 ng/g。该菌能在0~1 mol/L的NaCl或pH 6~11的培养基上正常生长。盐碱复合胁迫与上述单独胁迫结果类似,说明SDB5菌有耐盐碱能力。（2）在梯度Na₂CO₃模拟盐碱胁迫下,该菌能使水稻种子萌发率提高 15.2%,叶片中叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶活性和脯氨酸含量分别提高90%、95%和73%,说明SDB5菌能提高水稻的耐盐碱性。（3）在土壤含盐量0.22%、pH 8.4的盐碱地上,该菌能使水稻出苗率提高20%,穗基直径增粗48%,穗长增加12.4%,根长增加43%,根面积增加34.8%,根体积增加25.7%,说明SDB5菌能促进水稻的生长;穗实粒数显著增加,理论产量增加18.2%。综上,耐寒短杆菌SDB5可以提高水稻的种子萌发率及植株耐盐碱性,并在轻度盐碱地中使水稻的生长势增强,产量提高,在农业生产上有重要意义。     

明清竹家具结构形式的外延与内涵——基于罗兰·巴尔特符号学理论的考察

明清竹家具是中国传统竹家具发展的高峰期,在当前“以竹代塑”背景下,其优秀的造型艺术,尤其是有别于硬木榫卯结构的结构形式为竹家具的创新设计提供了一定的文化源泉。文章依据组成家具的结构部件是否必要的原则,梳理归纳出明清竹家具结构形式可以分为主体结构形式和辅助结构形式2类。同时,从罗兰·巴尔特符号学“外延/内涵”二元理论出发,论述了明清竹家具主体结构形式符号以外延意义为主、辅助结构形式符号以内涵意义为主,进而总结出主体结构形式符号的外延意义是实用功能性的、辅助结构形式符号的内涵意义是审美装饰性的。对于明清竹家具结构形式符号学视角的考察,一方面丰富了明清竹家具研究的理论系统,另一方面可以为当前竹家具的创新设计提供造型意义传达的实践指导。     

水分胁迫与小麦产量性状及籽粒容重的关联度研究

本研究利用相关性分析及灰色关联度分析法,对10个小麦新品种的产量、容重等7个主要性状进行了分析,结果表明：相关性分析结果显示小麦产量性状及容重受水分的影响不同的性状表现不同幅度的减小,灰色关联度结果表明水旱地条件下各性状对单株产量及容重的关联度大小并不一致,各性状对单株产量及容重的关联度大小不同。在沧州地区选择小麦品种时品种的分蘖力和成穗率是首要考虑的条件,穗粒数也要兼顾考虑,小麦籽粒产量及小麦籽粒容重是比较复杂的综合性状,由许多因素相互结合、互相作用。因此,应用灰色关联度分析方法评价性状间的影响程度是客观可行的,可用于今后的育种实践中。     

根癌农杆菌介导火龙果溃疡病菌遗传转化体系的构建及转化子筛选

为了探究火龙果溃疡病病原菌的致病机理,笔者利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化技术,分析了根癌农杆菌浓度、分生孢子萌发时间以及共培养温度等3个主要因素对遗传转化效率的影响,建立火龙果溃疡病菌的遗传转化技术体系,并对转化子进行筛选。结果表明,当农杆菌浓度OD₆₀₀=0.5、分生孢子萌发时间24 h、共培养温度25 ℃时遗传转化效率最高（833个转化子/106分生孢子）;随机挑选200个转化子进行筛选,获得3株菌落形态与野生型菌株差异较大的转化子,4株产孢量减少的转化子,5株产孢量增加的转化子,6株致病力下降的转化子。