凡纳滨对虾养殖体系中群体感应淬灭菌的筛选、安全性评估及发酵条件优化

从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamai)养殖体系中筛选得到具有群体感应淬灭(Quorum quenching, QQ)活性的潜在功能菌,并对菌株进行16S rDNA鉴定、安全性评估及发酵条件优化。采用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens) A136液体X-gal法进行活性菌株筛选,发现2株细菌(BDZ5和W1B)的发酵液对信号分子己酰基高丝氨酸内酯(C6-HSL)具有显著的降解作用,但经沸水浴处理后均丧失降解活性。经16S rDNA基因序列分析,菌株BDZ5和W1B分别被鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和科贝特氏菌属(Cobetia)。安全性评估结果显示,菌株BDZ5和W1B均无溶血性,且对多数抗生素具有敏感性,注射2株活性菌未提高凡纳滨对虾死亡率,且对凡纳滨对虾血清免疫酶活性无显著影响。单因素条件优化结果显示,在起始pH为7.0、盐度为20、0.0005%的MnCl2条件下培养48 h后,菌株BDZ5达到最大生长量;在起始pH为6.0、盐度为40、0.05%的CaCl2条件下培养48 h,菌株W1B达到最大生长量。2株菌的最适信号分子C6-HSL降解条件与其生长条件有所不同,在起始pH为7.5、盐度为30、0.0005%的MnCl2条件下培养48 h,2株活性菌对信号分子C6-HSL的降解率达到最大值。研究表明,菌株BDZ5和W1B可作为益生菌应用于水产养殖,为基于QQ角度防治对虾细菌性病害提供优良菌种。     

Optimization of differentiated regional land development patterns based on urban expansion simulation—A case in China

The advancing global urbanization puts great pressure on the society and ecosystem, especially in developing countries. Reasonable land-use policies adapted to local conditions are the key issues to prevent disordered urban expansion. Multi-scenario simulation provides a new perspective for differentiated policy formulation based on regional heterogeneity. Regarding the Shaanxi Province, a rapid urbanized area with high spatial heterogeneity in western China, as the study case, we tracked its past land-use changes and predicted the characteristics of urban expansion using the Future Urban-Regional Environment Simulation model. We found that (1) during the past 35 years, built-up land evidently increased accompanied by the loss of cropland, grassland, and unused land. (2) The urban expansion mainly will occur in the areas with flat terrain under three scenarios. (3) The urban expansion will transit into the “requiring land from mountains” pattern in the future, which means that it will gradually spread to areas with higher slopes. (4) Differentiated and optimal development patterns are proposed for different subregions by accounting the loss of ecosystem service in the procedure of urban expansion. This research can help local governments formulate differentiated future macro control of territorial spatial planning to optimize subregional land development.     

Establishment of a crop evapotranspiration calculation model and its validation

In order to contribute knowledge on the method used to calculate the actual crop evapotranspiration, soil, crop, atmosphere, and water spatial structure were integrated into a complete system. Based on the energy balance equation and aerodynamic equation, the meteorological data was reduced and the crop physiological parameter was increased, then the crop evapotranspiration calculation model under natural conditions was derived. The crop evapotranspiration calculation model was verified by the water balance formula using data generated from corn, potato, and flue-cured tobacco grown under field conditions for three consecutive years from 2017 to 2019. The results showed that: from 2017 to 2019, the average root mean square error for measured and calculated evapotranspiration of corn, potato, and flue-cured tobacco at different growth times were 0.5948, 0.4753, and 0.3326, respectively, the mean deviation, mean absolute error, and mean relative error were small, and the coefficient of determination and consistency index were both greater than 0.9100. The measured and calculated crop evapotranspiration of the selected crops increased at first and then decreased gradually as the crops matured, and finally decreased to harvest evapotranspiration, showing a parabolic trend. The crop evapotranspiration calculation model not only reflects the actual evapotranspiration of crops at different growth time but also reflects the change law of actual crop evapotranspiration. The model does not need the correction of soil moisture content, irrigation method, and crop coefficient and can directly calculate the actual crop evapotranspiration. It has the characteristics of consistency between the calculated value and the measured value, strong applicability, simple calculation process, and high accuracy and has the best effect on monitoring soil moisture and crop water shortage sensitivity. The model is significance in that it guides for monitoring soil moisture, determining actual crop evapotranspiration, crop water shortage index, and high yield and efficiency under water-saving conditions.     

Effects of dietary medicinal herbs and Bacillus on survival, growth, body composition, and digestive enzyme activity of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

The basal diet (C), with 0.20% medicinal herbs (M) and 0.30% Bacillus (BM1), with 0.10% medicinal herbs and 0.15% Bacillus (BM2), and with 0.30% Bacillus (B), was used to feed white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) (1.91 ± 0.03 g) in order to assess survival, growth, body composition, and digestive enzyme activity. At the end of the feeding trial, survival ranged from 95.83 to 98.33% with no significant difference (P > 0.05) among all groups. Growth measured as weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in shrimp fed with BM2, BM1, and M compared to that of C. However, no significant differences were found among B, BM1, and M. In the case of specific growth rate, the shrimp fed with BM1 and BM2 exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher values than that of C. The contents of body moisture, crude protein, and ash seemed to be unaffected by the feed supplements, though lipid content was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) different among the treatments. The shrimp fed with BM1 and BM2 had the lowest and highest lipid contents, respectively. The digestive enzyme activity assessed using shrimp hepatopancreas revealed that the activities of amylase and protease in shrimp fed with BM2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of C at the end of the 2nd and 6th weeks. However, better performance of the specific amylase activity was shown by the shrimp fed with B at the end of the 8th week.     

双燃料发动机燃烧噪声特性及影响因素分析

从时域和频域两方面综合评价双燃料发动机的燃烧噪声,分析转速、负荷、供油提前角以及生物质气替代率等因素对燃烧噪声的影响,并与柴油机的相关数据进行比较,结果表明:在21℃A供油提前角时,转速对整个频率范围内气缸压力级的影响较小,在相同转速下随负荷的增加,生物质气替代率下降,燃烧总声压级普遍增大;而当供油提前角增大至24℃A时,两种机型的气缸压力级频谱曲线变化强烈,转速的增大使其在高频范围内呈振荡式发展,负荷的增加使其在低、中频范围内增大.     

《中图法》:呼之欲出的第23个大类--也论旅游学在《中图法》中的类目设置

《中图法》将旅游学列于经济大类下,给旅游文献的归类实践带来了困惑。解决的根本办法是充分认识旅游学的学科地位和发展现状,在《中图法》中给予一个与其学科地位相适应的一级类目——“L旅游学”。     

明胶涂膜保持猪背最长肌冷藏期间新鲜度

与传统的包装材料相比,冷鲜肉的明胶涂膜处理具有众多优势,这也决定其具有广阔的发展前景。为研究明胶涂膜处理对生鲜肉冷藏期间氧化稳定性和新鲜度的影响。该文以猪背最长肌为材料,研究其经过不同浓度(0%、10%、20%)明胶涂膜处理后冷藏期间的加压失水率、脂肪氧化、蛋白质氧化、血红素铁、挥发性盐基氮以及肉色的变化情况。结果表明:猪背最长肌在4℃条件下冷藏第3、5和7 d时,明胶涂膜处理组的硫代巴比妥酸反应值、蛋白质羰基、血红素铁质量分数、挥发性盐基氮值、红度值以及高铁肌红蛋白质量分数分别与对照组比较,结果均存在显著性差异(P0.05)。此外,在冷藏时间相同的条件下,10%与20%明胶涂膜处理组之间均差异不显著(P0.05)。试验证实,明胶涂膜处理有益于提高冷藏期间肉品的氧化稳定性,维系理想的肉品色泽及延长其货架期。     

超滤-反渗透组合膜分离偶联真空浓缩鸡骨素中试

该研究以鸡骨素为原料,中试条件下对比分析了真空浓缩与2种膜组合偶联真空浓缩工艺的优劣。通过测定真空浓缩工艺的浓缩速率和水分去除率,微滤-反渗透和超滤-反渗透组合膜的膜通量、物料损失率、干物质损失率和蛋白损失率,研发了梯度膜分离与真空浓缩偶联的新型骨素浓缩工艺并进行了中试研究。结果显示:真空浓缩前期60 min内可溶性固形物含量升高缓慢,浓缩速率低,耗能大;微滤、超滤、纳滤和反渗透膜分离的物料损失率为0.5%、6.25%、4%、7.1%,干物质损失率为1.6%、19.4%、22.4%、20%,蛋白质损失率分别为35.8%、25.7%、22%、16%,膜通量衰减速率与膜孔径呈现负相关;膜组合结果表明超滤-反渗透膜组合能够提高反渗透膜通量,显著减少物料损失和干物质损失(P0.01)。中试结果表明,超滤-反渗透-真空浓缩工艺耗时110 min,耗资27.85元,耗煤11.018 8 kg,污染气体SO2和NOx的排放量分别为0.010 1 kg和0.014 6 kg。超滤-反渗透-真空浓缩新型工艺缩短了浓缩时间,降低了生产成本,污染气体的排放显著(P0.01)减少,一定程度上实现了节能减排,可以作为一种新型工艺用于鸡骨素浓缩生产。     

基于微观特性分析风积沙粉体掺入提高混凝土的抗冻性

为研究冻融-盐浸环境下风积沙粉体混凝土的微观特性,设计了强度等级为C35、C25的风积沙粉体混凝土,在浓度为0%、3%、6%硫酸镁溶液中采用快冻法进行抗冻性试验,同时借助核磁共振技术、场发射扫描电镜及能谱分析研究其孔隙特征、微观形貌及水化产物。结果表明,风积沙粉体的掺入显著提高混凝土的抗冻性,且适当提高强度等级,有利于提高风积沙粉体混凝土抗冻性,其中强度等级为C35的风积沙粉体混凝土在6%MgSO_4溶液中可承受高达425次冻融循环;相对于基准组,风积沙粉体混凝土中有发育状况良好的针柱状产物钙矾石、纤维状产物石膏生成,填充因冻胀应力作用产生的裂隙,使其内部有害及多害孔数量低于普通混凝土29.78%,抗冻性增强。