农村弱势群体研究综述

农村弱势群体问题已经成为影响农村社会稳定和经济发展的重要因素之一.深入研究当前我国农村弱势群体问题具有重大的理论和现实价值.本文从近几年来学术界对农村弱势群体概念及构成的界定、产生的原因及其救助途径等几个方面进行了总结,并提出了对农村弱势群体问题研究的不足之处.     

过瘤胃葡萄糖和缓释尿素对热应激绵羊生产性能及瘤胃发酵功能的影响

【目的】 本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加缓释尿素（SRU）和过瘤胃葡萄糖（RPG）对热应激绵羊生产性能和瘤胃发酵功能的影响。【方法】 选取40只健康、体重相近的3月龄湖羊公羔,按初始体重随机分成4个处理组（n=10）,分别为对照组（CON组,饲喂基础饲粮）、缓释尿素组（SRU组,基础饲粮中添加缓释尿素15 g/d）、过瘤胃葡萄糖组（RPG组,基础饲粮中添加过瘤胃葡萄糖10 g/d）和联合添加组（UG组,基础饲粮中添加缓释尿素15 g/d+过瘤胃葡萄糖10 g/d）,预饲期15 d,正饲期50 d。在正饲期的最后一天晨饲前,分别采集血液和瘤胃液,测定血样中免疫球蛋白A （IgA）、免疫球蛋白M （IgM）、免疫球蛋白G （IgG）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-2（IL-2）的含量,并测定瘤胃液pH、氨态氮、微生物蛋白及挥发性脂肪酸等指标。【结果】 与CON组相比,①饲粮中添加缓释尿素、过瘤胃葡萄糖均显著降低热应激绵羊的呼吸频率（P<0.05）,UG组热应激绵羊的直肠温度显著降低（P<0.05）。②SRU组、RPG组、UG组热应激绵羊的终末体重和平均日增重均显著提高（P<0.05）,料重比显著降低（P<0.05）。③RPG组和UG组热应激绵羊血清中IgG和IgM的含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,血清中TNF-α和IL-2的含量显著降低（P<0.05）。④各处理组热应激绵羊瘤胃内乙酸与丙酸的比值均显著提高（P<0.05）,SRU组瘤胃内乙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸比例和总挥发性脂肪酸的浓度均显著提高（P<0.05）,RPG组瘤胃液pH和异戊酸比例均显著提高（P<0.05）,瘤胃内氨态氮、丙酸、丁酸的比例均显著降低（P<0.05）,UG组瘤胃内乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸及微生物蛋白的含量均显著提高（P<0.05）。【结论】 饲粮中添加缓释尿素、过瘤胃葡萄糖显著提高了热应激绵羊的生产性能,改善瘤胃发酵,维持瘤胃内环境的稳定,可有效缓解绵羊热应激。     

The Effect of Co-Amino-Oligosaccharide Pathogenesis-Resistance and Product-Increase Reagent on The Yield of Several Grain Crops

用复合氨基低聚糖抗病增产剂在不同区域对小麦、玉米、水稻进行了田间小区试验,结果表明,该制剂浸种或在不同时期喷施,均可使产量增加,小麦增产20.8%,玉米10.6%,水稻15.6%,随机方差分析达到显著或极显著水平。田间调查和考种结果表明,小麦、玉米、水稻的稳粒数和千粒重均高于对照,水稻浸种或喷施的叶绿素含量及干物重高于对照,小麦喷施的花后叶面积比对照高。     

不同药剂对榆林地区马铃薯产量及病害的影响

试验以‘克新1号’脱毒原种为材料,设置7个处理,分别为处理1(辛菌胺)、处理2(噻霉酮+代森锰锌)、处理3(枯草芽孢杆菌)、处理4(寡雄腐霉菌)、处理5(五氯硝基苯+氟啶胺)、处理6(77%氢氧化铜)和处理7(空白对照),通过研究不同药剂对马铃薯产量及病害的影响,旨在为控制榆林地区马铃薯病害的发生提供理论依据。结果表明：不同药剂处理对马铃薯株高、单株块茎数、单株块茎重和产量影响不显著,对马铃薯商品薯率和发病率影响显著,以发病率和产量为主要考核指标,处理4(寡雄腐霉菌)和处理5(五氯硝基苯+氟啶胺)效果较好,可在榆林地区使用。     

蛋白能量比在反刍动物营养上的研究进展

<正>自1816年Magendie提出含氮物质是动物日粮中的必需营养素以来(Munro,1964;Marliss,1977),动物蛋白质营养代谢一直是研究的热点问题。能量是评价饲料的重要指标,饲料能量浓度高低决定动物采食     

Influence of rice whole‐crop silage diet on growth performance,carcass and meat characteristics and muscle‐related gene expression in Japanese Black steers

The present study investigated the influence of a diet largely comprising rice whole‐crop silage (rWCS) on growth performance, carcass and meat characteristics, and expression of genes involved in muscle growth of Japanese Black steers. Steers were randomly separated into rWCS‐fed (rWCS ad libitum and restricted feeding of concentrate) and concentrate‐fed groups. Total digestible nutrient intake and daily gain (DG) decreased in rWCS‐fed steers in comparison with concentrate‐fed steers, whereas dressed carcass weight and final body weight did not significantly differ between the groups. Decreases in drip loss in the muscle of rWCS‐fed steers may be caused by α‐tocopherol and β‐carotene in muscle. Feeding large amounts of rWCS to steers may maintain quantitative productivity of beef steers equally to a concentrate‐based diet, and improve the qualitative productivity. Results of gene expression suggest that activation of skeletal muscle growth in rWCS‐fed steers may occur at the late fattening period owing to a decrease in myostatin and increase in myosin heavy chain gene expression. Preadipocyte factor‐1 and myostatin genes may be strongly involved in the control of lipid accumulation. This rearing system would allow beef production to switch to rWCS‐based diets from concentrate‐based diets.     

绵羊GnIH和VIP基因在不同繁殖状态下的表达变化

旨在进一步阐明GnIH和VIP基因在绵羊季节性发情和繁殖调控中的作用。本研究选取短光照(模拟繁殖季节)和长光照(模拟休情期)下成年苏尼特母羊各3只及卵泡期和黄体期的小尾寒羊母羊各3只,同时选取短光照第21天和长光照第3、15、21、42、49天共6个不同光照时间点的成年苏尼特母羊各3只,屠宰后采集其性腺轴组织(下丘脑、垂体、松果体、卵巢、输卵管、子宫体),利用qPCR技术分析GnIH和VIP基因mRNA表达规律。结果表明,GnIH和VIP基因在2个绵羊品种上述各组织中均表达,且在下丘脑中的表达量较高;苏尼特羊下丘脑中2个基因在长光照条件下的表达量均极显著高于短光照条件(P<0.01);在小尾寒羊下丘脑组织中,黄体期VIP基因的表达量显著高于卵泡期(P<0.05),黄体期GnIH基因的表达量稍高于卵泡期,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。由短光照转至长光照时,苏尼特羊下丘脑中GnIH和VIP基因表达上升,至长光照第3天时,2个基因表达均达到峰值,之后呈下降趋势。本研究揭示了GnIH和VIP基因在季节性发情和常年发情成年绵羊性腺轴各组织中的定量表达特征,不同光照条件和不同繁殖时期绵羊下丘脑中这2个基因的表达变化进一步提示了GnIH和VIP基因参与绵羊季节性发情调控和发情时期转换;在短光照转至长光照过程中,GnIH和VIP基因主要在长光照前3 d发挥关键作用。     

Comprehensive evaluation of growth performance and meat characteristics of a fattening system combining grazing with feeding rice whole‐crop silage in Japanese Black steers

We investigated the effect of a system for fattening steers combining grazing with feeding rice whole‐crop silage (rWCS) on growth performance, meat characteristics, and the expression of genes involved in skeletal muscle growth. Steers were randomly assigned to grazing or concentrate‐fed groups (CT). The grazing group (GZ) was fed rWCS after grazing until 16 months of age. The final body weight was the same in the two groups, but the dressed weight was lower in the GZ than in the CT. The beef color standard was higher in the GZ than in the CT. Although beef marbling did not differ between the two groups, there was less intramuscular fat and subcutaneous fat in the GZ than in the CT. The α‐tocopherol and β‐carotene contents in the muscle were higher in the GZ than in the CT. The GZ showed a lower daily gain (DG) during the grazing period, which may have resulted from decelerating skeletal muscle growth caused by the increased expression of genes encoding myostatin and atrogin‐1. However, the DG and feed efficiency of the GZ increased after grazing. The two groups exhibited a similar level of beef productivity.     

Evaluating the contact rate between companion dogs during dog walking and the practices towards potential cases of rabies among dog owners in Japan

This study aimed to examine the habits of dog walking in Japan using an internet survey of insured dog owners. About 96.4% of the respondents (n = 1,151) reported that they would take their dogs for a walk and they most frequently walk their dogs once or twice a day (75.9%) for 30 min to 1 hr (83.1%). The probability of a companion dog having contact with other dogs during dog walking was estimated to be 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81–0.85), and the associated daily contact rate was estimated using log‐normal distribution with a mean of 2.73 (95% CI: 2.42–3.11) and a standard deviation (SD) of 6.39 (95% CI: 5.18–7.84). Multiple linear regression revealed that the contact rate is mainly influenced by the social behaviour of the owner and to a lesser degree by his/her demographic characteristics including the area of residence, the breed size of dog and the age of the owner. In addition, ten Likert items measured on a 5‐point scale were designed to assess the practices towards potential cases of rabies among dog owners. The respondents (n = 972) achieved a mean score of 2.99 (out of a full score of 4) with a SD of 0.90 in responding to situations related to dog bite incidents and injury from stray cat scratches during dog walking. They achieved a higher score in responding to situations related to sighting a stray or wild animal during dog walking and situations related to non‐specific clinical signs of rabies and bite injuries from stray dogs or wild animals during dog walking with a mean of 3.70 (SD = 0.58) and 3.84 (SD = 0.34), respectively. The level of best practice was also proved to be significantly associated with the demographic characteristics of the dog owner.     

山羊副流感病毒3型感染MDBK细胞的转录组分析

本研究旨在探究山羊副流感病毒3型(CPIV3)感染MDBK细胞后的转录组基因变化情况,丰富CPIV3转录组信息。取1MOI CPIV3JSHA2014-1病毒液感染MDBK细胞,设非感染正常细胞为对照,于24h后收获细胞,提取总RNA,利用Illumina HiSeqTM2500对感染组与对照组进行高通量测序,并用测序评估、基因注释等生物信息学方法进行分析。结果显示,差异表达基因共261个,其中表达上调140个,表达下调121个,经RT-qPCR方法验证8个差异表达的干扰素信号通路相关基因,结果与高通量测序一致。进一步GO分类结果显示,差异表达基因主要涉及细胞生物学进程、构成细胞的组分以及实现的分子功能三个方面,KEGG分析显示这些基因参与代谢、生物系统、细胞进程、基因信息进程和环境信息进程。本研究为深入探究CPIV3的致病机制奠定了基础。