Sulfadiazine pharmacokinetics in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) receiving oral and intravenous administrations

This study aimed to examine the bioavailability (BA) and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) after oral and intravenous administrations. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points of 0.083, 0.17, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr (n = 6). The samples were extracted and purified by organic reagents and determined by the ultra‐performance liquid chromatography. The software named 3P97 was used to calculate relevant PK parameters. The results demonstrated that the concentration–time profile of SDZ was best described by a one‐compartmental open model with first‐order absorption after a single oral dose. The main PK parameters of the absorption rate constant (K_α), the absorption half‐life (t_{1/2 Kα}), the elimination rate constant (K_e), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2Ke), and the area under concentration–time profile (AUC_0‐∞) were 0.3 1/h, 2.29 hr, 0.039 1/h, 17.64 hr, and 855.78 mg.h/L, respectively. Following intravenous administration, the concentration–time curve fitted to a two‐compartmental open model without absorption. The primary PK parameters of the distribution rate constant (α), the elimination rate constant (β), the distribution half‐life (t_1/2α), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2β), the apparent distribution volume (V_SS), the total clearance (CL), and AUC_0‐∞ were 9.62 1/hr, 0.039 1/hr, 0.072 hr, 17.71 hr, 0.33 L/kg, 0.013 L h^?1 kg^?1, and 386.23 mg.h/L, respectively. Finally, the BA was calculated to be 22.16%. Overall, this study will provide some fundamental information on PK properties in the development of a new formulation SDZ in the future and is partially beneficial for the appropriate usage of SDZ in aquaculture.     

Effects of dietary Bacillus coagulans and yeast hydrolysate supplementation on growth performance,immune response and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets

The present study investigated the effects of Bacillus coagulans and yeast hydrolysate supplementation on growth performance, immune response and intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets. Twenty-four weaned piglets with an average body weight (BW) of 6.89 ± 0.15 kg were divided into four diets for 28 days. The treatments were basal diet (control), basal diet supplemented with antibiotic (20 mg/kg colistin sulphate and 40 mg/kg bacitracin zinc, AT), probiotics (400 mg/kg Bacillus coagulans ≥5 × 109 CFU/g, BC) or yeast hydrolysate (5000 mg/kg yeast hydrolysate, YH). Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were improved by AT and YH diets (p < 0.05), while BC diet only increased ADG (p < 0.05). The complement 3 (C3), lysozyme (LZM) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations in serum were increased in BC diet (p < 0.05). Feeding AT and YH caused the increase of jejunal villus height (p < 0.05), and a higher ratio of villus height/crypt depth was observed in AT, BC and YH groups (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in jejunal mucosa was up-regulated by AT, BC and YH diets (p < 0.05). Dietary AT, BC or YH inclusion decreased the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) concentration and TNF-α mRNA expression (p < 0.05), and YH supplementation even down-regulated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14 expressions (p < 0.05). In summary, the dietary administration of BC or YH both improves growth performance through promoting the intestinal barrier function, indicating both of them can serve as potential alternatives to antibiotics growth promoters for the piglet production.     

青藏高原典型高寒荒漠生长季蒸散及水分消耗特征研究

为探究青藏高原典型高寒荒漠下垫面水分消耗规律,以2019年青藏高原典型高寒荒漠地区沱沱河站监测的涡动数据和微气象数据为基础,分析不同时间尺度蒸散值的变化特征和下垫面水分消耗特征,研究结果表明：小时平均蒸散发量最大值出现在14—15时,达0.46 mm·h^-1;日蒸散值最大值出现在7月7日,为8.58 mm·d^-1,最小值出现在4月2日,为0.30 mm·d^-1;整个生长季蒸散值呈先增加后减小趋势,其中7月份最大,为120.68 mm,4月份最小,为64.80 mm;生长季总蒸散发量为581.15 mm,平均每天蒸散4.01 mm。整个生长季累计降水量为235.70 mm,蒸散发量与降水量（Precipitation,Pr）的差值（The difference between ET and Precipitation,IETP）显示,2019年青藏高原典型高寒荒漠植被生长季（4—8月）水汽交换以下垫面水分消耗为主。     

射频识别技术在畜禽养殖中的应用与展望

随着畜禽规模养殖的发展,高度集约化养殖模式将影响畜禽的健康状况、疫病防控和福利水平。一种无接触、无应激的射频识别（Radio Frequency Identifi cation,RFID）技术应运而生,该技术可以在无损状态下采集畜禽的行为、生理生化和养殖环境指标,从而为评估集约化养殖的效果和影响提供基础数据。文章讨论了三种常见类型的RFID系统在畜禽养殖中的应用,系统地比较了各类系统的优缺点及适宜应用场景,进一步提出RFID在畜禽养殖中的未来应用方向,以期为深化畜禽信息采集的研究提供参考。     

Effects of Monoglycerides of Varying Fatty Acid Chain Length and Mixtures Thereof on Sponge‐and‐Dough Breadmaking Quality

Monoglycerides are widely used in the baking industry because of their antistaling effects, mainly suppressing crumb firming. Commercial monoglycerides are normally prepared from hydrogenated fats, with stearate being the most common fatty acid. In a previous study, monoglycerides such as monopalmitate (C16) and monostearate (C18) had positive effects on Canadian short process bread but no improvements on sponge‐and‐dough process (SDP) bread. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of saturated monoglycerides of varying fatty acid chain length (C14–C22) on SDP breadmaking quality by using volume judgment, crumb image analysis, and texture measurements. Higher levels (1.00–1.50%) of all monoglycerides (C14, C16, and C18) significantly (P < 0.05) increased loaf volume and cell diameter. The larger cell diameter with increasing levels of these monoglycerides may have resulted from softer, more extensible dough handling properties and greater gas cell stability during baking. Addition of C16 and C18 caused the largest increase in crumb softness with increasing monoglyceride levels but showed relatively low resilience, which might be related to larger loaf volume (i.e., lower density of bread). However, addition of blended monoglycerides C14+C16 increased crumb softness and loaf volume while partially retaining resilience. Each monoglyceride had a different function in breadmaking quality and somewhat positive effects on SDP.     

前桥摆转转向式四驱底盘结构形状指数的优化

前桥摆转转向式四驱底盘可直接转入下一畦作业,提高了小地块工作行程率,在地头宽度小于等于1个作业宽度时,更有利于机耕过程中的转向操作。为此,通过ADAMS软件仿真,以最小地头宽度为目标对底盘结构参数进行了优化。仿真结果表明,底盘在作业过程中从一畦进入地头直接转入相邻的下一畦时,后内侧轮基本上不吃入上一畦,最小地头宽度与长宽比成反比。在底盘转向时行走轮不干涉后悬挂农具的前提下,底盘最小的理论长宽比应为0.5:1。但由于底盘长宽比受行走轮直径、轮宽及重心的影响,底盘的合理长宽比值范围需趋近于理论长宽比。当机具作业宽幅大于等于机具轮宽时,可直接做倒U形转向;否则采用"4"和歪梨形组合掉头转向,实现地头宽度等于1个作业幅宽的转向。     

基于ANSYS的2BYFGJ-4型播种机机架优化设计

以2BYFGJ-4型玉米苗带秸秆还田旋耕施肥播种机机架为主要优化分析对象,通过有限元分析软件ANSYS对其进行静力学分析和模态分析,得出该机机架设计的薄弱环节。根据前几阶模态频率和振型,提出机架的优化方案,并以模态频率为衡量指标对各方案进行比较分析。结果表明:优化后的机架具有更好的动态性能,可为下一轮样机制作提供重要依据。     

核桃机械化采收装置研究现状分析

随着我国核桃种植面积的不断增加,核桃采收问题日渐凸显,研制核桃采收机械势在必行。为此,分析了核桃机械化采摘装置、采摘收集装置的结构及特点,并根据新疆核桃机械化采摘技术要求,确定了基于振动原理的采摘装置适合新疆核桃机械化采摘。同时,对新疆核桃机械化采收装置的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Nanosize of zinc oxide and the effects on zinc digestibility,growth performances,immune response and serum parameters of weanling piglets

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of nanosize zinc on zinc digestibility, growth performances, immune response and serum parameters of weanling piglets. Ninety‐six LYD weanling piglets were assigned to control, zinc oxide (ZnO), organic‐Zn (Zn‐methionine) and nanosize ZnO (nano‐Zn) groups with four replicates. The zinc was at the 120 mg/kg level in the treatment group's diet, while the control group's was 80 mg/kg Zn. The experiment results indicated that the nano‐Zn and organic‐Zn groups had significantly higher Zn digestibility compared to the ZnO and control groups. For the immune response traits, the IgG level and goat red blood cells (GRBC) antibody titer were nano‐Zn and organic‐Zn>ZnO>control; in the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) challenge test result, nano‐Zn>organic‐Zn>ZnO>control; in regard to the γ‐globulin level, nano‐Zn and organic‐Zn>ZnO and control, with significant difference between groups. In the serum parameters aspect, serum Zn concentration in nano‐Zn and organic‐Zn groups were higher than in the ZnO and control groups, serum growth hormone concentration was increased in the nano‐Zn group than in the other groups. In conclusion, nanosize zinc oxide for dietary supplementation can increase zinc digestibility, serum growth hormone levels and carbonic anhydrase activity and enhance the immune response of weanling piglets.