Genetic diversity and phenotypic variation for drought resistance in alfalfa (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago sativa</Emphasis> L.) germplasm collected for drought tolerance

Drought is a major environmental factor hampering alfalfa productivity worldwide. Gene banks provide an array of trait diversity, frequently consisting of specific seed collection projects that focused on acquiring germplasm adapted to specific traits such as drought tolerance. These subsets provide a logical starting point to identify useful breeding resources. In the present study, we investigated the genetic diversity and evaluated 18 agronomic, physiological and quality traits associated with drought tolerance in a subset of 198 alfalfa accessions collected for their potential drought resistance. Significant differences were found among accessions for most of the traits evaluated. Water deficit significantly decreased biomass dry yield by 61.9% compared with well-watered control. A positive correlation was found between relative water content (RWC) and drought susceptible index, while negative correlations were found between RWC and leaf senescence (LS), and between RWC and canopy temperature (CT). Alfalfa accessions with high RWC showed relative lower yield reduction, cooler CT and delayed LS. Genetic variation for forage quality was also investigated and the correlation between agronomic and quality traits was analyzed. Biomass yield under drought was negatively correlated with total protein, relative feed value and relative forage quality, suggesting that the efforts to improve yield under drought tend to negatively affect forage quality. Therefore, maintaining forage quality should be considered for breeding alfalfa with drought resistance. Alfalfa accessions with high drought resistance scores and minimum loss of quality were identified in this study and can be used as genetic resources for developing alfalfa varieties with improved drought resistance and water use efficiency while maintaining forage quality.     

Trends and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Tropospheric NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> over China During 2005–2014

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is one of the major atmospheric pollutants, and the concentration of NO₂ is regarded as one of the indicators of air quality. In the past decades, China has experienced rapid economic growth and severe NO₂ pollution to match. We evaluate the trends and spatiotemporal patterns of tropospheric NO₂ over mainland China from 2005 to 2014 using vertical column density (VCD) datasets retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Results show that from 2005 to 2014, NO₂ pollution regions have enlarged at the national scale, and high NO₂ VCDs are mainly concentrated over highly populated regions in eastern China. The year 2011 is the turning point. Tropospheric NO₂ VCDs first significantly increase by 0.19?×?10¹⁵ molec cm^?2?year^?1 (R ²?=?0.94, P?=?0.002) from 2005 to 2011, and then decrease by 0.21?×?10¹⁵ molec cm^?2?year^?1 (R ²?=?0.97, P?=?0.016) from 2011 to 2014. Since 2011, tropospheric NO₂ VCDs over central-east China decrease remarkably. Tropospheric NO₂ VCDs is higher in November (3.630?×?10¹⁵ molec/cm²), December (4.758?×?10¹⁵ molec/cm²), and January (4.863?×?10¹⁵ molec/cm²), while lower in July (1.684?×?10¹⁵ molec/cm²), August (1.627?×?10¹⁵ molec/cm²), and September (1.703?×?10¹⁵ molec/cm²), indicating that winter and spring are the most polluted seasons. Due to the huge gap in population density and industry development between western and eastern China, the spatial pattern of tropospheric NO₂ VCDs shows large west-east difference.     

运用AHP法评价地板木树种资源

根据地板木对木材品质的要求,应用层次分析法对福建省２３种主要用材树种做地板木的优劣问题进行分析探讨。建立了综合效果层次分析结构模型,排出它们用做地板木材料的优劣次序。结果表明：福建青冈、桃叶石楠、黄檀、青冈栎较好,枫香、南岭栲、杉木、米槠则较差。     

福建秃杉管胞形态及化学成分的研究

通过对福建首次发现的速生珍稀树种秃杉木材的管胞形态及化学成分的测定和分析,揭示了秃杉管胞形态的特征及其变化规律,阐明了秃杉木材各种化学成分比例及其特点,并与杉木、马尾松的管胞形态和化学成分进行比较分析。结果表明秃杉木材可作为林产工业的纤维材料使用。为秃杉大力营造人工林提供科学依据。     

空间诱变绿豆长荚型突变系的分子生物学分析

中绿1号绿豆种子于1994年经返回式卫星搭载后,经过3年的地面种植和筛选得到了基本稳定的长英型突变系,该突变系荚长16cm左右,每荚种子粒数为15～19粒。通过对3个形态和荚长都基本稳定的突变系和原始对照品系之间的RAPD分析,从100个10-mer Operon引物中筛选出3个能产生稳定的遗传多态性的引物,其特异扩增产物分子量依次为1.4kb、1kb、2kb,因此分别命名为OPZ-13#-（1400）、OPY-07#-（1000）、OPY-04#-（2000）。OPZ-13#-（1400）和OPY-07#-（1000）的克隆和鉴定工作已经完成,其中OPY-07#-（1000）转换成了稳定的SCAR标记。3个突变系进行RAPD分析,彼此之间没有发现扩增产物的差异,它们与原始对照之间却有着共同的差异,表明长荚型突变品系在DNA分子水平上已接近同源。     

非均匀温差下埋地双层管道过渡段长度的计算

在管道输送介质过程中,由于管内温度和周围环境温度的差别,热量传播不可避免,温差沿管道的分布是变化 的。引入了温度衰减长度概念,在温差沿管道均匀分布时过渡段长度计算方法的基础上。     

风载荷作用下圆柱形罐的有限元分析

储罐除了受自重、液体内压作用外,还受到风荷载的作用,从而在储罐中产生应力,应力过大会引起储罐的损坏。提出风载荷作用下圆柱形储罐分析的位移有限元法,根据圆柱形储罐属于轴对称壳体这一结构特点,用圆柱壳单元和圆环壳单元将其离散化,单元之间以结点圆相连接,风载荷和位移沿环向展开成三角级数,降低了计算维数,减少了计算工作量。用编制的有限元分析程序对一个算例的计算表明,该方法能方便有效地计算风载荷工作下圆柱形     

联合整地机匀土旋平刀辊设计与试验

为解决联合整地机破茬翻埋作业后地表平整度低、土壤分布不均匀的问题，该研究设计了分段反螺旋式匀土旋平刀辊，提出田口法结合离散元仿真的刀辊参数设计思路。首先定性分析并确定了影响刀辊轴向运土和抛土的关键因素及水平；然后以作业后地表平整度为优化目标，以沙壤土和黏壤土为噪声因子，利用田口法设计试验并进行离散元仿真，得出适应不同土壤类型的最优参数组合为：刀轴转速300 r/min、螺旋升角70°、旋耕刀型号IT245、刀轴直径80 mm、刀座间距62 mm、旋耕刀双螺旋排布，此时地表平整度仿真值为14.2 mm。以最优参数组合制造样机并进行田间验证试验，作业后地表平整度为11.6 mm、土壤分布均匀度为92.6%、耕深稳定性系数为93.2%、破土率为86.4%，优于小麦种植对耕整地的要求，所设计的刀辊有效。研究结果可为联合整地机刀辊设计提供参考。     

温度耦合驱动下土壤-地下水有机污染物迁移规律与模拟研究进展

场地土壤-地下水有机污染空间分布受场地温度场、水动力场、化学场和生物场等多场控制。明晰有机污染物在土壤-地下水系统中的空间分布规律和驱动机制，定量模拟污染迁移过程，是有效开展污染控制与修复的前提。在众多的影响因素中，温度通过改变有机污染物的理化性质及多相流、化学/生物作用驱动参数，进而影响其在土水介质中的迁移及空间分布。本文综述了有机污染物理化性质（密度、黏度、溶解度）和有机污染化学/生物驱动（挥发、吸附和生物降解）关键参数与温度之间的解析关系，及考虑温度影响的土壤-地下水中有机污染传质过程模拟的研究进展，并针对目前模拟研究的不足提出了耦合温度场的土壤-地下水有机污染物迁移数学模型，为定量探究温度耦合驱动下的有机污染物迁移转化过程和规律提供启示。     

粤北岩溶山区"阻返"长效机制的构建及实施路径 ——基于脱贫成效稳定性与持续性的视角

贫困地区摘帽后,保持脱贫成效的稳定性和持续性,建立阻止返贫的长效机制对于脱贫地区实施乡村振兴战略具有重要意义.受到生态环境脆弱、经济发展滞后、脱贫人口自我发展能力偏弱、产业发展后劲不足、地方政府财政压力大等诸多因素的影响,粤北岩溶山区在巩固脱贫成效、阻止返贫现象发生等方面仍然面临着诸多挑战.为此,亟须在基础设施建设与完善、脱贫人口自我发展能力提升、产业长效发展、社会保障制度完善、返贫风险防控等方面建立长效机制,才能有效地阻止返贫现象的发生.