悠然山谷中的狩猎家族

Vale Do Manantio是拥有悠久历史的知名居所;是兼具自然灵动与狩猎文化的山谷美宅;是让心灵自由放飞的灵魂归宿……来到Vale Do Manantio,与Bravo家族一起体会山谷溪流带来的野性与感动。Vale Do Manantio别墅坐落在葡萄牙南部城市阿连特茹的中心,别墅名字的涵义是淡水河谷,换言之,是拥有充足水源和盎然绿意的肥沃山谷。别墅房产经代代相传,占地面积不断扩大,     

Interactive effects of salinity on oxygen consumption,ammonium excretion,osmoregulation and Na+/K+‐ATPase expression in the bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides annulatus,Jenyns 1842)

A physiological study was performed to explore the effects in Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842) juveniles of exposure to different salinities 10, 17, 23, 29, 35 and 41‰ on oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ammonium excretion rate (AER), the oxygen‐nitrogen atomic ratio (O:N), osmoregulation and Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase expression. The OCR values ranged from 27.9 to 30.9 mg O₂ h^?1 kg^?1, displaying a Type 1 response pattern Kinne (1977). AER ranged from 0.60 to 0.69 mg h^?1 kg^?1, and O:N values were from 53.12 to 59.26, indicating that the puffers use proteins and lipids as an energy‐substrate. Osmoregulation in S. annulatus was hyposmotic in salinities of 23, 29, 35 and 41‰ and hyperosmotic in a salinity of 10‰. The isosmotic point of the bullseye puffer was 356 mmol kg^?1 (10.5‰). The enzyme expression analysis indicates that the fish acclimated to 41‰ had the highest Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase expression level, whereas, the lowest expression level was found close to the isosmotic point. Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase expression in the gills was found to have a U‐shaped relationship with environmental salinity. We conclude that the bullseye puffer is strongly euryhaline and can be cultivated in a wide range of environments that has important economic implications.     

Efficient utilization of dietary lipids in Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier 1797) fed fresh and agglutinated moist diets based on aquaculture by‐products and low price trash species

The aim of this study was to evaluate growth, biochemical composition and dietary nutrients utilization in Octopus vulgaris fed on four diets based on bogue Boops boops, from different origin and in two presentations: fresh discarded bogue (aquaculture by‐product) (DB‐f), fresh wild bogue (low price trash species) (WB‐f), discarded bogue agglutinated moist diet (DB‐m) and wild bogue agglutinated moist diet (WB‐m). Diets based on DB showed higher lipid content (19–26% dw) than those based on WB (5–6% dw). Octopuses fed on DB‐based diets showed higher growth (1.5–1.9% day^?1) and higher protein efficiency ratio (0.64–0.69) than those fed on WB‐based diet (1.1–1.5% day^?1 and 0.36–0.37 respectively), which suggests good utilization of dietary lipids and also a possible protein sparing effect by lipids in O. vulgaris. Octopuses fed on diets presented fresh showed a higher growth (1.9–1.5% day^?1) and a higher feed efficiency (62–65%) than those fed on agglutinated diets (1.1–1.5% and 52–60% day^?1 respectively). Regarding fatty acids, the digestive gland clearly reflected dietary lipid and fatty acid profile, while muscle showed a more stable composition. Low dietary ARA content reflected in octopus tissues, especially in specimens fed on DB‐based diets, which did not seem to affect growth during the experimental period.     

Comparison of artificial neural network models and empirical and semi-empirical equations for daily reference evapotranspiration estimation in the Basque Country (Northern Spain)

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) determination is a key factor for water balance and irrigation scheduling. Evapotranspiration can be measured directly by high-cost micrometeorological techniques, or estimated by mathematical models. The combination equation of Penman–Monteith, modified by Allen et al. [Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., Smith, M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage, Paper no. 56. FAO, Rome] (PM56), is the reference equation for ETo estimation. This method is also appropriate for the calibration of other ETo estimation equations. The utilization of these calibrated ETo equations is recommended in the absence of data of any of the meteorological parameters necessary for the application of PM56. In addition to the use of classic ETo equations, the adoption of artificial neural network (ANN) models for the estimation of daily ETo has been evaluated in this study. ANNs are mathematical models, whose architecture has been inspired by biological neural networks. They are highly appropriate for the modelling of non-linear processes, which is the case of the evapotranspiration process. Seven ANNs (with different input combinations) have been implemented and compared with ten locally calibrated empirical and semi-empirical ETo equations and variants of these equations (with estimated meteorological parameters as inputs). The comparisons have been based on statistical error techniques, using PM56 daily ETo values as a reference. ANNs have obtained better results than the locally calibrated ETo equations in the three groups of evaluated methods: temperature and/or relative humidity-based methods (0.385 mm d⁻¹ of root mean square error (RMSE)), solar radiation-based methods (0.238 mm d⁻¹ of RMSE), and methods based on similar requirements to those of PM56 except for the estimation of solar radiation and/or relative humidity (0.285 mm d⁻¹ of RMSE).     

Soil properties and physiographic factors controlling the natural vegetation re-growth in a disturbed catchment of the Central Spanish Pyrenees

Large changes in land use have occurred in the Central Spanish Pyrenees during the twentieth century. This mountain area supported an intense human use since the Middle Ages, that greatly transformed the natural landscape. The land uses changed dramatically during the first half of the twentieth century, due to major socioeconomic forces which lead to depopulation and land abandonment. Since then, a process of natural vegetation recovery has taken place. The anthropogenic impact during centuries deteriorated the soil quality, threatening the sustainability of agroecosystems and the natural vegetation re-growth. In this study, a soil survey was performed to identify the soil types and the physico-chemical properties of the soil that are relevant for maintaining the soil function for the recovery of vegetation after land abandonment. The study was conducted in the Arnás River catchment, which is representative of the region. The highest cation exchange capacity (CEC), nutrients, water retention, water availability and infiltration rates, as well as the lowest pH and carbonates, occurred in Lithic Hapludolls and Calcic Haploxerolls at the shady aspect, under a forest cover. Lithic Ustochrepts and Lithic Xerorthents on the sunny aspect, which were covered by shrubs, were of lesser quality than were the deeper and better-developed soils on the shady aspect. This is seen as an evidence of different patterns of soil degradation, which conditioned the re-growth of natural vegetation after land abandonment. The results provide insights into the main soil factors that have affected the re-establishment of natural vegetation in recent years. Recommendations are given for designing effective strategies for soil conservation after land abandonment in similar mountain environments.     

Conversion of deciduous forest to silvopasture produces soil properties indicative of rapid transition to improved pasture

Differences in soil properties between forests and pastures have been well documented in the literature, especially under coniferous forests. However, since nearly all of these reports have been time-point comparisons, utilizing long-term paired-sites, properties of transitional states and time of their appearance can only be inferred at present. In this study, a deciduous forest ecosystem was converted to a silvopasture ecosystem by tree thinning, fertilization, and sheep incorporation of seed and forest litter. After 2 years, topsoil (0–15 cm) physico-chemical properties, particularly P fractions, and phosphatases were monitored over the growing season in these ecosystems, and a nearby pasture ecosystem. Initially, before spring vegetative growth, differences were found for pH, exchangeable cations and soil moisture, most of which could be explained by management history. Compared to forest, organic-C (C_o) and organic-N (N_o) concentrations were reduced in silvopasture by 17 and 9%, respectively, indicative of substantial litter decomposition. Most values for all these physico-chemical properties for silvopasture were intermediate between forest and pasture, and generally remained so throughout the growing season. Initial total P (TP_t), organic-P (TP_o) and inorganic-P (TP_i) concentrations were generally as anticipated for the forest and pasture. Silvopasture, however, had 36 and 23% greater TP_o than forest and pasture, respectively, presumably due to fertilizer-P immobilization induced by incorporation of forest litter. Total P components remained essentially constant over the growing season in all ecosystems, with the exception of pasture, likely due to high forage TP_i uptake. Bray I-extractable-organic-P (BrP_o) and bicarbonate-extractable-organic-P (BiP_o) concentrations, although consistently highest in the forest and silvopasture soils, were not reflective of the increase in TP_o under silvopasture. Acid phosphatase (PMEac) activities were highest in spring in all the ecosystems, then gradually declined to typically 25–50% initial activities. Alkaline phosphatase (PMEal) activities showed a broadly-similar pattern, with exception of forest and silvopasture soils, which exhibited low activities throughout the season. For the entire data set, PMEac and PMEal activities were poorly correlated with TP_i, BrP_i, and BiP_i. These results demonstrate that conversion of forest to silvopasture results in soil changes indicative of its rapid transition to pasture and that an increased P_o reservoir results that should be taken into account in fertilizer-P recommendations for temperate silvopastures.     

Genomic features of Pseudomonas sp. RGM2144 correlates with increased survival of rainbow trout infected by Flavobacterium psychrophilum

This study evaluated the probiotic potential of the biofilm formed by the strain Pseudomonas sp. RGM2144 on rainbow trout survival. When challenged with the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Pseudomonas sp. RGM2144 increased rainbow trout survival to 92.7 ± 1.2% (control: 35.3 ± 9.5%, p < .0001). The draft genome of Pseudomonas sp. RGM2144 is 6.8 Mbp long, with a completeness 100% and a contamination of 0.4%. The genome contains 6122 protein-coding genes of which 3564 (~60%) have known functions. The genome and phylogeny indicate that Pseudomonas sp. RGM2144 is a new species in the Pseudomonas genus, with few virulence factors, plasmids, and genes associated with antimicrobial resistance, suggesting a non-pathogenic bacterium with protective potential. In addition, the genome encodes for 11 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters that could be involved in the inhibition of F. psychrophilum. We suggest that Pseudomonas sp. RGM2144 may be applied as a probiotic in salmonid fish farming.     

Sunflower Protein Hydrolysates Reduce Cholesterol Micellar Solubility

Plant protein hydrolysates are a source of bioactive peptides. There are peptides that decrease the micellar cholesterol solubility from bile acids and therefore may reduce in vivo cholesterol absorption. The presence of these peptides in sunflower protein hydrolysates has been studied. Sunflower protein hydrolysates produced with alcalase plus flavourzyme or with pepsin plus pancreatin inhibited in some degree the cholesterol incorporation to micelles. Protein hydrolysates generated after 30 min of hydrolysis with alcalase, and after 30 min of hydrolysis with pepsin, were the inhibitoriest of the cholesterol incorporation to micelles. The average amino acid hydrophobicity of inhibitory peptides in cholesterol micelles was higher than the observed in the corresponding protein hydrolysates. This high hydrophobicity probably favours their inclusion in the lipid micelles. In vivo, this inhibition may translate in a decrease of cholesterol absorption. Reported results show that a combination of different characteristics such as peptide size or hydrophobicity may be responsible of the inhibitory activity of generated peptides.     

Response of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to single and mixed inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and Sinorhizobium meliloti

The objectives of this work were to phenotypically and genetically characterize alfalfa rhizosphere bacteria and to evaluate the effect of single or mixed inoculation upon nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation. Thirty-two strains showed tricalcium phosphate solubilization ability, and two of them caused bigger or equal solubilization halos than the control strain P. putida SP22. The comparison of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequences indicated that these strains are phylogenetically related to Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. A beneficial effect of both isolates on alfalfa growth was observed in coinoculation assays. Pseudomonas sp. FM7d caused a significant increase in root and shoot dry weight, length, and surface area of roots, number, and symbiotic properties of alfalfa plants. The plants coinoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti B399 and the Bacillus sp. M7c showed significant increases in the measured parameters. Our results indicating that strains Pseudomonas sp. FM7d and Bacillus sp. M7c can be considered for the formulation of new inoculants.