控释氮肥对玉米秸秆腐解及潮土有机碳组分的影响

施肥影响秸秆还田效果,研究不同形态氮肥对秸秆腐解及土壤有机碳组分的影响可为秸秆还田下氮肥合理施用提供科学依据。以10年小麦-玉米轮作定位施肥试验为基础,采用尼龙网袋田间填埋法,研究了控释掺混尿素和普通尿素不同用量(纯氮120,240,360 kg/hm~2)对潮土中玉米秸秆腐解及土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明:与普通尿素相比,控释掺混尿素具有促进秸秆腐解的趋势;在秸秆腐解后期,控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素显著促进了秸秆氮、磷的释放,而不同氮肥处理对秸秆中钾素的释放影响并不显著。在秸秆腐解后期,相同施氮量条件下,常规施氮量和增施氮量的控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素显著增加土壤水溶性和热水溶性有机碳含量。在增加土壤微生物量碳、氮含量方面,在秸秆腐解的某些阶段控释掺混尿素处理的促进作用显著高于普通尿素处理。综合来看,与普通尿素相比,控释掺混尿素在秸秆腐解和增加土壤有机碳组分方面具有较好的促进作用。     

Influence of synergism caused by organic montmorillonite and nanometer calcium carbonate on mechanical properties and crystallization of polyamide 1010-based composites

This account showed that nanometer-active calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) improved polyamide 1010/organic montmorillonite (OMMT) composites and OMMT boosted polyamide 1010/CaCO₃. The mechanical performance suggested the composites to be reinforced through adsorption forces present between the nanofillers and the matrix. The synergistic effect of CaCO₃ and OMMT increased the yields and shrunk cavities when observed by scanning electron microscopy. The obvious resulting synergism was verified by X-ray scattering techniques after the addition of OMMT. The concentration of CaCO₃ did not change lamellar-size or influence the crystal growth. The effect of CaCO₃ on melting behavior was found less significant than that exert on crystallization behavior.     

响应面法优化干热变性莲子淀粉膜制备工艺

以干热变性莲子淀粉为主要原料,研究变性淀粉用量、甘油用量和干燥温度对干热变性莲子淀粉膜性能的影响,并采用响应面分析及加权评价函数法对膜性能指标进行综合优化,得到干热变性莲子淀粉的最佳成膜工艺条件为:变性莲子淀粉用量为3.53%,甘油用量为1.51%,干燥温度80.61℃。本研究成果将为干热变性莲子淀粉可食膜的工业化生产提供理论指导。     

杉木组培苗生根质量优化研究

从两个方面优化杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook.]组培苗生根质量,一是在增殖阶段对其进行高浓度和低浓度激素培养基交替处理以优化组培芽苗的质量,从而达到优化杉木组培苗生根质量;二是在生根阶段改变光源,以优化杉木组培苗生根质量。结果表明,高浓度激素和低浓度激素交替处理后的杉木增殖芽苗,具有增殖率高、生长快、节间距适中、木质化程度较高等表观性状,且这些性状随着继代次数的增加表现比较稳定,增殖芽接种到生根培养基后,生根率最高达到86.5%,生根数量最高达到2.7条。LED复合光源红蓝光配比为2∶1时生根率最高,达到86.7%;在红蓝光配比为4∶1时生根数量最高,达到2.8条。     

三七地上茎4个转录因子基因转录水平的纵向变化及其与总三萜皂苷含量的关系

为三七绿紫茎三萜皂苷合成转录调控机理提供参考，将彻底长成的绿紫茎均分为18段，用实时荧光定量PCR检测茎段的三七碱性螺旋-环-螺旋蛋白基因（bHLH）、乙烯响应因子基因（ERF）、v-myb骨髓母细胞增多症病毒癌基因同源物基因（MYB）和WRKY1蛋白基因（WRKY1）的转录水平，用香草醛-高氯酸比色法检测茎段的总三萜皂苷含量（TTSC），分析转录水平与TTSC间的Pearson相关性。结果表明：从三七绿紫茎的顶部到基部，三七bHLH、ERF、MYB和WRKY1的转录水平分别呈一条波动式平缓上升、7峰、波动幅度逐渐增大的6峰和具2个主峰的6峰曲线；TTSC呈V型曲线，最低TTSC出现在茎上部的黄金分割点处；4种转录因子基因的转录水平和TTSC在不同茎段间的差异均达到极显著水平，且转录水平与TTSC之间的Pearson相关系数分别为0.371、0.130、－0.169和－0.195。因此，与三七绿紫茎三萜皂苷合成相关的主要转录因子应为三七的碱性螺旋-环-螺旋蛋白，其次为乙烯响应因子。     

比利时野猪非洲猪瘟防控

2018年9月,比利时公共健康研究院(国家非洲猪瘟参考实验室)确认在瓦隆地区发现野猪感染非洲猪瘟病毒,毒株与2007年欧洲首例非洲猪瘟病毒株非常相似。欧盟和比利时通过采取卓有成效的控制措施,截至目前未发生家猪感染病例。主要防控经验:一是出台法规,组建非洲猪瘟政策委员会,及时评估和措施调整;二是根据OIE的原则要求建立管控区,借助人工屏障和自然屏障,防止感染野猪跨区域移动;三是完善养殖企业生物安全管理制度,防止野猪和家猪的接触,并通过SANITEL系统对境内的所有家猪开展标识追溯,防止高风险地区家猪的非法移动;四是做好宣传,使兽医、养殖户、狩猎者了解非洲猪瘟相关认知,确保防控义务落实到人。     

Microbiological analysis of cadmium-contaminated sediments during biostabilization with indigenous sulfate-reducing bacteria

Purpose

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have received particular attention in the bioremediation of sediments contaminated with heavy metals. In this study, indigenous SRB were used to stabilize Cd in sediments spiked with different Cd concentrations (≤ 600 mg kg^?1).

Materials and methods

The study investigated the Cd leaching efficiency from sediments after 166 days (d) of biotreatment and assessed the bacterial community and bacteria relationship in sediments during SRB biostabilization.

Results and discussion

The study found that the Cd leaching efficiency of sediments was reduced by 18.1–40.3% (29.4 ± 8.7%) after 166 days of biotreatment. During the biostabilization, the bacterial community in sediments significantly changed, particularly after 61 days of biotreatment. At the family level, the identified dominant bacteria (mean abundance > 3%) included Bacillaceae, norank Nitrospira, Anaerolineaceae, Nitrospinaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Hydrogenophilaceae. The study also speculated the complex relationships between these bacteria. The relative abundance of Desulfobacteraceae and Desulfobulbaceae in sediments was enhanced after biotreatment. Bacillaceae and Streptococcaceae may play a negative role in Cd biostabilization and inhibited SRB biological activity. However, Anaerolineaceae and Hydrogenophilaceae may have commensalism and mutualism relationships, respectively, with typical SRB. The presence of Nitrospinacea and norank Nitrospira may reduce the inhibitive effect of denitrifying bacteria on SRB, thereby exhibiting a positive effect on biologic sulfate reduction and Cd biostabilization.

Conclusions

Indigenous SRB treatment increased Cd stability in sediments and changed bacterial community. During SRB biostabilization, complex relationships between bacteria in sediments were speculated, including competition, syntrophism, and antagonism. These results provide insights for better regulating and controlling SRB biostabilization.

     

内蒙古河套灌区农田土壤中微塑料的赋存特征

为阐明内蒙古河套灌区农田土壤中微塑料的赋存特征及其与覆膜年限、灌溉类型等的响应关系,该文采用田间取样与室内试验相结合的方法进行了系统研究,分析了研究区地膜覆膜现状,并考虑覆膜年限(覆膜5、10、20 a)及灌水方式(滴灌和畦灌)2个因子,探索了河套灌区农田土壤中微塑料的丰度、类型、颜色、粒径等赋存特征,并通过扫描电镜、能谱仪等对微塑料表面特征及表面附着物进行观察与分析。结果表明:内蒙古河套灌区不同覆膜年限下(5、10、20 a)土壤中微塑料平均丰度分别为2526.00、4352.80、6070.00个/kg,单层土的微塑料含量最大值(2133.50 ind/kg)出现在覆膜20 a的0~10 cm土层,最小值(678.00个/kg)出现在覆膜5 a的>20~30 cm土层;不同覆膜年限和灌溉类型影响土壤微塑料丰度,滴灌农田微塑料丰度值略大于畦灌农田,在不同土层深度上微塑料丰度值随土层深度增加逐渐减小;微塑料类型主要有纤维类(23.34%)、碎片类(26.31%)、薄膜类(38.57%)和颗粒类(11.78%)等4种,且薄膜类在不同土层占比都较高,微塑料颜色包括黑色、透明、绿色、红色、蓝色等,比例分别为24.56%、23.83%、19.34%、16.52%和15.75%,其中0~10 cm土层中微塑料以黑色为主,占比30.25%,在>10~20、>20~30 cm土层中微塑料以透明为主,占比30.15%和29.23%,粒径则随覆膜年限增加而呈逐渐减少趋势,粒径小于1 mm的微塑料居多,随着覆膜年限的增加,微塑料粒径在0~10、>10~20、>20~30 cm土层间的差异逐渐减小,且粒径大小与灌溉类型无显著关系(P>0.05);微塑料样品表面特征粗糙,呈现不规则孔隙,纤维类、薄膜类和碎片类微塑料均具有较多规则微小孔隙,而颗粒类微塑料表面孔隙则不规则且呈凹凸状,土壤中微塑料的多孔特性造成微塑料比表面积增大,进而增加对土壤中其他污染物和微生物的吸附;微塑料的表面孔隙附着有机体和污染物,表面存在稳定的铁氧化物、稀土元素等,并容易形成有机-无机复合污染效应。研究对于明晰微塑料在河套灌区土壤中的分布现状及危害具有重要意义。