Role of integrons in the proliferation of multiple drug resistance in selected bacteria occurring in poultry production

ABSTRACT

• 1. The increase in microbial resistance, and in particular multiple drug resistance (MDR), is an increasing threat to public health. The uncontrolled use of antibiotics and antibacterial chemotherapeutics in the poultry industry, especially in concentrations too low to cause inhibition, and the occurrence of residues in feed and in the environment play a significant role in the development of resistance among zoonotic food-borne microorganisms.

• 2. Determining the presence and transmission methods of resistance in bacteria is crucial for tracking and preventing antibiotic resistance. Horizontal transfer of genetic elements responsible for drug resistance is considered to be the main mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance.

• 3. Of the many well-known genetic elements responsible for horizontal gene transfer, integrons are among the most important factors contributing to multiple drug resistance. The mechanism of bacterial drug resistance acquisition through integrons is one of the essential elements of MDR prevention in animal production.

     

基于改进极限学习机的水体溶解氧预测方法

为了有效地指导水产养殖生产，提高溶解氧浓度预测的精度，提出了基于因子筛选和改进极限学习机（Extreme Learning Machine，ELM）的水产养殖溶解氧预测模型。首先，利用皮尔森相关系数法计算各影响因子与溶解氧浓度间的相关系数，提取强关联因子，降低预测模型的输入量维度；采用偏最小二乘算法（Partial Least Square, PLS）优化传统ELM神经网络，避免网络中隐含层共线性问题，保障输出权值的稳定性；然后，结合新型激活函数，构建水体溶解氧浓度预测模型。最后，将SPLS-ELM（Selection Based Partial Least Square Optimized Extreme Learning Machine）预测模型应用到江苏省无锡市南泉基地某试验池塘的水体溶解氧预测中。试验结果表明：该模型的预测均方根误差为0.3232，与最小二乘支持向量机（Least Square Support Vector Machine，LSSVM）、BP神经网络、粒子群（Particle Swarm Optimization，PSO）优化LSSVM和遗传算法（Genetic Algorithm, GA）优化BP神经网络相比分别降低40.98%、44.48%、34.73%和44.18%。且该模型的运行时间仅0.6231s，预测精度和运行效率明显优于其他模型。该模型的溶解氧预测曲线接近真实溶解氧变化曲线，能够满足水产养殖实际生产对水体溶解氧预测的要求。     

海南粗榧内生真菌F127发酵液的次级代谢产物研究

对海南粗榧(Cephalotaxus hainanensis Li.)内生真菌F127发酵液化学组分进行研究。用多种色谱技术对F127代谢产物进行分离纯化,以LC-MS、ESI-MS和超导核磁共振分析鉴定化合物结构,最后采用MTT法测定化合物的抗肿瘤活性。从海南粗榧内生真菌F127的发酵液中分离得到5个单体化合物,分别鉴定为oblongolide T(1)、sorbicillin(2)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(3)、phomopsolide B(4)、6,8-二羟基-3-甲基-3,4-二氢异香豆素(5),且化合物1、4、5对肿瘤细胞K562、NB4、HL-60、Hep G-2和Lovo表现出不同抑制活性。化合物4对5株肿瘤细胞均表现出抑制活性,对K562、NB4、HL-60抑制效果显著,IC50值分别为3.35、0.014和0.16μg/m L,对Hep G-2和Lo Vo只有温和抑制作用;化合物1对K562、NB4、HL-60抑制作用良好,IC50值分别为51.82、54.25和29.31μg/m L;化合物5对NB4和Hep G-2则具有一定抑制活性;化合物2和3对测试细胞株未表现出抑制活性。5个化合物均是首次从海南粗榧内生真菌中分离得到,并首次报道了化合物1、4对K562、NB4、HL-60的优良细胞毒活性,为进一步研究海南粗榧内生真菌中的活性天然产物奠定了基础。     

Effects of formic acid and potassium diformate on the fermentation quality,chemical composition and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of potassium diformate (KDF) as a potential additive for alfalfa silage. Fresh alfalfa was untreated or treated with formic acid (4 g/kg fresh weight, FW) or three concentrations of KDF (4, 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW). After 60 days of ensiling, the addition of formic acid and greater levels of KDF (5.5 and 7 g/kg) effectively reduced silage pH and inhibited the undesirable bacteria, indicated by lower butyric acid, ethanol, ammonia N concentrations and microbial populations (including enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and clostridia). Additives decreased the dry‐matter loss, and more water‐soluble carbohydrates were preserved in the silages with formic acid or potassium diformate than in the control. Alfalfa silages treated with formic acid at 4 g/kg FW or potassium diformate at 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW were classified as the highest quality silage based on the higher Flieg's point (above 70) and remained stable for more than 9 days during aerobic exposure. Potassium diformate is recommended as an effective additive for alfalfa silages at a level of 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW under the humid and hot conditions of southern China.     

Amplification of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis> RG57 loci Facilitates <Emphasis Type="Italic">in planta</Emphasis> T-RFLP Identification of Late Blight Genotypes

Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is a devastating disease in potato and tomato and causes yield and quality losses worldwide. The disease first emerged in central America and has since spread in North America including the United States and Canada. Several new genotypes of P. infestans have recently emerged, including US-22, US-23 and US-24. Due to significant economic and environmental impacts, there has been an increasing interest in the rapid identification of P. infestans genotypes. In addition to providing details regarding the various phenotypic characteristics such as fungicide resistance, host preference, and pathogenicity associated with various P. infestans genotypes, information related to pathogen movement and potential recombination may also be determined from the genetic analyses. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with the RG57 loci is one of the most reliable procedures used to genotype P. infestans. However, the RFLP procedure requires propagation and isolation of the pathogen and relatively large amounts of DNA. Isolation of the late blight pathogen is sometimes impossible due to the poor condition of the infected tissues or the presence of fungicide residues. In this study, we describe a procedure to identify P. infestans at the molecular level in planta using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the RG57 loci. This T-RFLP assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect and differentiate P. infestans genotypes directly in planta without propagation and isolation of the pathogen, to facilitate the timely implementation of best management practices.     

荔枝果实复合保鲜剂的筛选及其常温保鲜效果的研究

为了筛选出有利于荔枝贮藏的复合保鲜剂,以‘井岗红糯’荔枝果实为试验材料,通过正交试验研究了不同浓度的油菜素内酯（brassinolide, BL）和曲酸（kojic acid, KA）配比对采后荔枝果实的保鲜效果。结果表明,在25 ℃贮藏条件下,对荔枝果实的最佳保鲜配方为：油菜素内酯40 μmol/L、曲酸35 mmol/L,浸泡时间为3 min,该复合保鲜剂配方能较好地抑制荔枝果实褐变和腐烂,降低果皮相对电导率、果皮pH和果皮丙二醛（malonaldehyde, MDA）含量,延缓果肉总可溶性固形物（total soluble solids, TSS）和维生素C（vitamin C, VC）含量的下降,维持较高的果皮色度L ^*值、a ^*值、C ^*值和花色苷含量,抑制了多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase, PPO）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）及漆酶（laccase, Lac）的活性。     

Tritium Distribution in Soil in the Area of “Atomic” Lake near the Semipalatinsk Test Site

Eurasian Soil Science - Data on concentrations and distribution of tritium in soils of the “Atomic” Lake excavation explosion area of Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (Kazakhstan, East...     

瓠瓜(Lagenaria siceraria)白粉病抗性的全基因组关联分析

白粉病是瓜类作物重要病害之一。本研究采用苗期人工接种方法,研究了117份瓠瓜微核心种质对白粉病的抗性,并基于不同材料的病情指数和基因型数据,进行全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association analysis,GWAS)。利用2014年和2018年的抗病表型数据,分别鉴定到22个和13个与白粉病抗性相关的SNPs,其中2个SNPs位点在两年试验中同时被检测到。进一步研究发现不同瓠瓜材料的白粉病抗性与其携带有利等位变异数目成正相关。本研究为克隆瓠瓜抗白粉病相关基因、研究其抗病机制提供科学依据,促进了瓠瓜抗白粉病分子育种。