生态因子对萱藻生长发育影响的研究现状及展望

主要阐述了国内外有关于生态因子对萱藻(Scytosiphon lomentaria)生长发育影响的研究现状,并对有关于萱藻的进一步研究提出了展望。温度、光照、盐度、营养液及抗生素等生态因子均会对萱藻生长发育造成不同程度的影响,温度和光照变化对萱藻生长发育的影响最为明显。萱藻配子体阶段的适宜温度较低,为6～12℃,而孢子体阶段在5～23℃范围内均可生长,生长速度随温度上升而增加;萱藻不同生长阶段的最适光照强度也有所不同,萱藻配子体阶段的最适光照范围为36～54μmol·m^-2·s^-1,较低光强6～30μmol·m^-2·s^-1是萱藻孢子体生长发育的适宜范围,而高光强54μmol·m^-2·s^-1有利于萱藻孢子的附着;盐度、pH对萱藻生长发育影响显著,过高或过低均不利于萱藻生长;不同营养盐、维生素及抗生素对萱藻的生长发育产生的影响不同,在萱藻不同的生长阶段,应根据生长状况及时给予适宜浓度的营养盐或药物添加剂以促进萱藻生长。     

天津重点水域底栖生物调查分析

于2018年9月,对天津大港,宝坻,华苑等地区的12个站点的大型底栖生物的群落结构及生物多样性进行了调查分析。结果表明,调查区共鉴定出大型底栖生物3门10种,其中软体动物4种,环节动物4种,水生昆虫2种,各站位丰度波动范围为20～840 ind/m^2,平均为205.33 ind/m^2,生物量范围为0.012～308.63 g/m^2,平均为59.69 g/m^2;囊螺为该地区绝对优势种。丰富度指数Margalefs.index在1.48～3.334之间波动, Goodnight修正指数在0.523～1之间波动。     

广西工厂化循环水养殖石斑鱼水质处理效果

通过集成海水养鱼、生化处理、设施工程、环境工程、电器自控和水质监控等技术,建立一套适合广西地区应用的工厂化循环水石斑鱼养殖系统。该养殖系统处理流程为:鱼池→沉淀池→蛋白质分离器→生物滤池→海马齿浮床→紫外杀菌,生物滤池包括A、B、C三个通道,A、B通道均由珊瑚石作为一、二级生物过滤和生化球作为三级过滤,C通道由珊瑚石作为一级过滤和椰子壳碎作为二、三级过滤。结果显示:沉淀池处理可以显著降低鱼池的COD,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮和磷酸盐的质量浓度(P<0.05);经海马齿浮床系统处理后,硝酸盐氮质量浓度显著低于沉淀池、蛋白质分离器处理池、生物滤池A、B通道(P<0.05);整体上,C通道水质指标略低于A、B通道,但差异不明显(P>0.05)。该研究结果可为广西沿海发展循环水养殖技术以及养殖生产方式转变提供可靠的科学数据和技术参考。     

Effects of different dietary copper sources on the growth and intestinal microbial communities of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary copper sources on growth performance and intestinal microbial communities of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous (420 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (70 g/kg crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated to contain different copper sources, Diet NSC (no‐supplemented copper), Diet CS (copper sulphate), Diet Availa (copper amino acid complex from Availa^®Cu100) and Diet M (1:1, copper sulphate + copper amino acid complex). A total of 360 Pacific white shrimp juveniles (initial weight: 1.86 ± 0.03 g) were randomly allocated into four groups, with three replicates per group and 30 shrimps each replicate. An Illumina‐based sequencing method was used to analyse the intestinal bacterial composition of shrimp juveniles. The results revealed that shrimps fed Diet M had significantly higher percent weight gain (PWG) than that fed Diet NSC and Diet CS, while there were no significant differences between Diet M and Diet Availa. Survival was not affected by the dietary copper sources. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were dominant in the intestines of Pacific white shrimp. Shrimps fed Diet M and Diet Availa had higher bacterial richness and diversity than those fed Diet NSC and Diet CS with no significant differences among all treatments. Furthermore, Diet M and Diet Availa which contained copper amino acid complex reduced the relative abundance of Vibrionaceae in shrimp intestinal tract. This study indicated that dietary copper sources could affect the intestinal microbial communities and diets supplemented with Availa^®Cu100 could have a positive impact on the growth performance and decrease the potential risk of disease in Pacific white shrimp.     

Comparison of effects of dietary‐specific fatty acids on growth and lipid metabolism in Nile tilapia

The dominant fatty acids (FAs) in oils are often used to explain different nutritional effects of dietary oils in fish. However, the amounts of dominant FAs among oils are different, and the nutritional roles of these important FAs in fish have not been precisely compared at similar levels in feeding trials. In the present study, different amounts of palmitic acid were added to safflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO) and fish oil (FO) to obtain comparable amounts (about 550 g/kg of total FAs) of 18:2n‐6, 18:1n‐9 and 20:5n‐3 + 22:6n‐3 and subsequently fed to Nile tilapia (11.1 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. The results showed similar growth among groups but FO group obtained lower fat deposition, serum ALT and AST activities, compared to OO. Lipogenesis‐related gene expressions were higher in OO group than FO group in liver, muscle and adipose tissue, but there were only few differences in these genes between SO and FO groups. Lipid catabolism genes in FO group were higher than OO and SO groups in adipose tissue, but not in muscle, and the significantly higher expressions of CPT1b and PPARα were only observed in liver. Overall, dietary 18:2n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 were beneficial to normal growth and lipid metabolism, whereas high amount of 18:1n‐9 induced lipid deposition and liver damage in Nile tilapia.     

1972—2005年大兴安岭林区雷击火特征及其与干旱指数的关系

对1972—2005年大兴安岭林区雷击火特征及其与Palmer干旱指数(PDSI)和Keetch-Byram干旱指数(KBDI)的关系分析表明:雷击火主要发生在5—9月,峰值出现在6月,约占全年雷击火次数的42%;雷击火的最大过火面积出现在5月和6月,约占全年过火总面积的85%。雷击火发生次数和面积的月动态均呈单峰型曲线变化,不同干旱指数的动态不同,其中KBDI的月动态呈单峰型曲线变化,5,6,7月最干旱;而PDSI则呈弱单峰型曲线变化,5月较干旱,6月和7月则较湿润。雷击火的年发生次数与9月的PDSI(R2=0.47,P<0.01)或6月和8月的KBDI(R2=0.57,P<0.01)关系密切,年过火总面积则与8月的PDSI(R2=0.20,P<0.01)或6月的KBDI(R2=0.40,P<0.01)有一定的关系。KBDI更适于描述大兴安岭林区的雷击火特征。     

福建沿海试养中间球海胆的初步研究

为探索中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)在福建沿海季节性养殖的可行性,于2018年11月开展了新品种中间球海胆"大金"南移福州海域养殖试验。试养海胆分为大(壳径3 cm)和小(壳径1 cm)两种规格。采用当地现有的鲍养殖海域和设施,定期投喂海带(Laminaria japonica)和龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)。经过6个月的养殖,福州养殖的大规格海胆壳径达(55.90±2.63)mm,体质量(56.30±6.92)g,性腺指数15.02%±1.5%,海胆生殖腺发育处于成熟前期(Ⅲ期),性腺质量良好,且显著高于大连同期养殖的大规格海胆壳径(46.56±3.88)mm和体质量(39.07±5.05)g(P<0.05)。同时,福州养殖的小规格海胆壳径达(40.97±0.87)mm,体质量(23.18±0.37)g,性腺指数9.64%±1.00%。试养结果表明,冬春季中间球海胆可在福建沿海开展季节性养殖,采用现有海上设施和养殖笼,投喂鲜活大型藻类,海胆的生长速度显著优于同期大连养殖。中间球海胆福建沿海南移养殖是满足其日益增长的市场需求的重要途径。     

气吸垂直圆盘式水稻精量排种器设计与试验

为满足水稻大田精量直播机械化需求,设计了一种气吸式垂直圆盘排种器。阐述了该排种器的工作原理,根据农艺要求和实际试验确定了其吸种孔的布置方式,通过理论计算确定了其主要结构及工作参数。开展了吸孔直径、排种盘转速和吸种负压对排种性能影响的试验研究,结果表明:影响排种性能的主次因素依次为气室真空度、排种盘转速、气室真空度与排种盘转速的交互项;最优工作参数组合为吸种孔直径1.4 mm、转速40 r/min、气室真空度1.8 kPa,在此条件下排种合格指数为82.91、重播指数为11.56、漏播指数为5.53,满足水稻的精密播种要求。