饲料中不同淀粉源及水平对大口黑鲈肝脏组织学的影响

为了评估饲料中不同淀粉源及水平对大口黑鲈肝脏组织学的影响,采用4种淀粉(蜡质玉米淀粉、高直链玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉和木薯淀粉)各按两水平(5%和10%)配制成8种等氮和等能的饲料,投喂初始体质量为(23.45±0.08)g的大口黑鲈,经45 d的饲养后,采集肝脏样本进行肝脏组织的生化测定和切片观察。结果显示,摄食全部5%淀粉饲料和10%高直链玉米淀粉饲料的实验鱼的肝脏颜色呈正常的鲜红色;而摄食其他10%淀粉饲料的实验鱼肝脏均显现出发白现象,同时,肝细胞体积、肝体指数和肝糖原含量均显著高于5%淀粉饲料组和10%高直链玉米淀粉饲料组,肝细胞的细胞核移至细胞边位,出现空泡化现象。在5%和10%的淀粉水平上,高直链玉米淀粉饲料组的肝体指数、肝糖原含量和肝细胞体积均显著小于其他淀粉源的饲料组,肝细胞也没有出现细胞肿胀现象。本研究得出,饲料的碳水化合物来源与水平均对大口黑鲈肝脏组织的肝糖原含量和组织结构产生显著的影响;高直链玉米淀粉优于小麦淀粉、蜡质玉米淀粉和木薯淀粉,5%的饲料淀粉水平优于10%的水平。     

桂西北5种退耕还林林分枯落物的持水特性

[目的]为桂西北石漠化地区退耕还林生态建设提供一定的理论依据。[方法]对桂西北5种退耕林分枯落物蓄积量与持水特性进行研究。[结果]5种林分林下枯落物总蓄积量大小依次为尾叶桉(11.59 t/hm~2)、任豆(7.99 t/hm~2)、核桃(7.71 t/hm~2)、板栗(7.14 t/hm~2)、香椿(3.70 t/hm~2);5种不同林分各分解层枯落物持水能力表现基本一致,从大到小均为香椿、板栗、任豆、尾叶桉、核桃,半分解层枯落物持水量大于未分解层;不同林分林下枯落物持水量随着时间增加而增加,半分解层在浸泡2 h有较快上升,未分解层在浸泡4 h明显上升,之后进入平稳阶段;不同林分枯落物吸水速率随着时间增加而减小,枯落物半分解层与未分解层吸水速率在浸泡2 h内最快,2~8 h逐渐变小,8 h之后明显减缓;不同林分林下枯落物的有效拦蓄量大小为尾叶桉(36.89 t/hm~2)、板栗(26.65 t/hm~2)、任豆(23.19 t/hm~2)、香椿(16.64 t/hm~2)、核桃(15.36 t/hm~2)。[结论]尾叶桉具有较大蓄积量和有效拦蓄量,今后在以涵养水源与水土保持为目标的森林经营中,可适当增加该树种的种植。     

苜蓿菌根对土壤中阿特拉津降解及酶活性影响

为进一步揭示丛枝菌根(AM)对土壤中阿特拉津的降解机理,建立了新型T型培养体系,并以阿特拉津敏感植物紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)形成的共生体系为研究对象,分别测定了苜蓿菌根对阿特拉津的降解效率及其根际土壤酶活性。当阿特拉津胁迫浓度为 20 mg/kg时,苜蓿菌根侵染率在25天时高达85.70%,阿特拉津降解率为70.22%,其中菌根贡献度为77.28%,表明苜蓿菌根对阿特拉津具有较强的降解能力。与此同时,添加阿特拉津能够提高菌根根际土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶的活性。在接种G. mosseae和添加阿特拉津的双重作用下,4种土壤酶活性进一步增强。总之,本研究结果为应用AM真菌修复农药污染土壤提供了理论依据。     

海滨雀稗EST资源的SSR信息分析及EST-SSR标记开发

本研究探讨海滨雀稗EST序列中SSR位点的分布特征,开发EST-SSR引物分析其在草坪草种质资源遗传多样性研究中的应用。利用SSRIT软件对81220条海滨雀稗EST序列进行SSR位点搜索,分析EST-SSR的分布和特点,并利用Primer 3.0软件设计50对引物,选择10份草坪草对引物进行有效性和多态性检测。结果表明,从13705条海滨雀稗EST序列中检测到了22721个SSR位点,出现频率为16.87%。三核苷和单核苷酸重复为主要类型,所占比例分别为31.71%和29.28%。在检测到的163种基元中,出现最多的重复基元是A/T,其次是CCG/CGG和AGC/CTG。选择合成了50对EST-SSR引物,以海滨雀稗‘Adalady’基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,其中37对引物能扩增出条带。利用这些引物对10份草坪草品种进行多态性检测,其中12对引物的扩增结果具有多态性。利用开发的EST-SSR标记对10份草坪草进行聚类分析,可将其分为4类。利用海滨雀稗EST序列开发SSR标记是可行的,开发的EST-SSR标记能有效用于草坪草遗传多样性研究。     

不同叶龄、秧盘及穴距对水稻产量和主要农艺性状的影响

以沈稻47为试验材料,研究不同叶龄、秧盘及穴距对水稻产量和主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明:叶龄和穴距相同条件下,最高分蘖数和有效穗数均为钵盘高于软盘,相同叶龄和秧盘条件下单位面积茎蘖数随穴距的增大而减少。4.1叶龄处理的产量显著高于5.7叶龄和2.5叶龄处理的产量。穴距20cm处理的产量最高,平均产量为11.84t/hm~2,显著高于穴距27cm处理,但与13cm穴距处理的产量差异不显著。钵盘育苗有效穗数较高,软盘育苗穗粒数、成粒率和千粒重均较高,从而更易获得高产。软盘育秧及钵盘育秧与4.1叶龄及穴距20cm的组合产量最高,分别为12.90和12.58t/hm~2。     

沟垄集雨技术研究进展及其在旱作马铃薯生产中的应用潜力

近年来,沟垄集雨技术正在逐渐成为我国旱区作物增产的重要措施。简要概述了沟垄集雨技术的概念,综合目前的研究进展,从集雨、保墒和用水三个环节总结了影响沟垄集雨技术效果的因素,分析了沟垄集雨栽培技术对作物生长发育的影响。最后,展望了沟垄集雨技术在旱作马铃薯生产中的应用潜力。     

浇筑式钢桥面铺装层推挤变形病害机理分析

以贵州省北盘江大桥钢桥面铺装层推挤变形病害为研究背景,采用凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)和傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR),从沥青分子尺度分析钢桥面铺装产生推挤变形的原因。分析结果表明:沥青老化并不是造成钢桥面铺装层推挤变形的主要原因;从现场调查可知,第2层粘层粘结能力的降低是造成钢桥面铺装层推挤变形病害的次要原因;通过级配分析发现,造成钢桥面铺装层推挤变形的主要原因是浇筑式沥青混合料(GA)级配偏细以及GA中集料颗粒的棱角性较差所致。     

双端曲面齿轮式柱塞泵运动特性分析与实验

为解决斜盘式柱塞泵摩擦副的磨损问题,提出了一种新型轴向柱塞泵,用双端曲面齿轮代替了斜盘,用齿轮副代替了摩擦副。利用端曲面齿轮副传动原理建立了单柱塞、六柱塞双端曲面齿轮式柱塞泵的运动特性数学模型,得出了柱塞运动规律。通过ADAMS虚拟样机建立了柱塞泵运动特性仿真模型,验证了新型柱塞泵柱塞运动的可行性。利用LH-050型激光位移传感器对柱塞泵运动特性测试实验台进行了相关测试,通过实验测试结果和理论值对比发现:实验数据与理论计算值吻合较好,误差控制在5%以内,证明了柱塞泵运动特性理论模型的正确性。     

有机栽培水肥一体化系统设计与试验

A water and fertilizer integrated system for organic cultivation was designed. The system integrated functions of preparing and compounding organic liquid as well as automatical irrigation. Through different subroutines of the system, the aerobic fermentation of organic materials, liquid filtration, compounding and dilution of stock solution, and decision and execution of irrigation strategy can be conducted. Thus, the integration of preparation and management of nutrient solution in organic cultivation, as well as high efficiency and fine management in water and fertilizer could be achieved. In order to verify the reliability and applicability of the system, coconut chaff was selected as organic matrix and non soil and organic cultivation experiment of cucumber was carried out in the solar greenhouse. The results showed that the system was operated stably in preparation of organic liquid and management of water and fertilizer was good in cucumber cultivation. The mechanization and automation of organic fertilizer and water management was implemented. The yield of cucumber was up to 48165kg/hm2, the content of total soluble sugar, vitamin C and titratable acidity were 2.7%, 99.2mg/kg and 008%, respectively. The development and application of this system would break through the bottleneck that existed in water and fertilizer management in organic cultivation, and it had important realistic significances.     

Effects of water and nitrogen addition on vegetation carbon pools in a semi-arid temperate steppe

Global change will lead to increases in regional precipitation and nitrogen(N) deposition in the semi-arid grasslands of northern China. We investigated the responses of vegetation carbon(C) pools to simulated precipitation and N deposition increases through field experiments in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. The treatments included NH_4NO_3 addition at concentrations of 0(CK), 5(LN, low nitrogen), 10(middle nitrogen, MN), and 20(HN,high nitrogen)(g m~(-2)a~(-1)) with and without water. After three consecutive years of treatment, from 2010 to 2012,water addition did not significantly change the size of the total vegetation C pools, but it significantly decreased the ratio of root:shoot(R:S)(P = 0.05) relative to controls. By contrast, N addition significantly increased the total vegetation C pools. The C pools in the LN, MN and HN treatments increased by 22, 39 and 44 %, respectively. MN produced the largest effect among the N concentrations,although differences between N-added treatments were not significant(P [ 0.05). N addition significantly reduced the ratio of root:shoot(R:S)(P = 0.03). However, there were no significant interactive effects of water and N addition on the vegetation C pools.