Antibacterial activity of akyl gallates against Bacillus subtilis

The antibacterial activity of a series of alkyl gallates (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoates) against Gram-positive bacteria was tested using a broth dilution method. All of the Gram-positive bacteria tested were susceptible to alkyl gallates, and this activity was found to correlate with the alkyl chain length. The antibacterial activity of alkyl gallates against Bacillus subtilis was a parabolic function of their lipophilicity and maximized with alkyl chain length between C(8) and C(11). Notably, alkyl gallates were found to be bactericidal against B. subtilis ATCC 9372, but this activity was significantly affected by the endospore formation in the culture. The antibacterial activity of alkyl gallates likely comes at least in part from their ability to inhibit the membrane respiratory chain but is not due to the prooxidant action.     

温室土壤硝态氮积累的温度、水分、施氮量耦合效应

为了探讨温室作物生产水肥管理和土壤温度对土壤硝态氮累积的影响，本文选取使用5年的温室土壤样品进行培养试验，研究温度、水分、施氮量及其耦合效应对温室土壤硝化作用和硝态氮累积的影响。试验结果表明：温室土壤硝态氮累积量可用“S”曲线进行定量描述，硝化过程中最大硝化速率、延迟期和最大可能累积量是参数土壤温度，含水率和NH₄-N含量的函数；通过正交回归分析得出影响最大硝化速率的因素主次顺序依次为温度、含水率、温度与含水率的交互作用、水肥的耦合作用以及施氮量；影响延迟期的因素主次顺序依次为土壤水分、土壤温度、施氮量以及水肥耦合作用；最大可能累积量与温度、含水率及施氮量呈指数关系，其中施氮量影响最大，土壤温度次之，而这3个因素之间的交互作用对最大可能累积量没有明显的影响。利用回归模型，可为不同温度环境及水肥条件下硝态氮累积量及氮利用的有效性预测提供依据。     

Antifungal mechanism of polygodial

The primary antifungal action of polygodial comes in part from its ability to function as a nonionic surfactant, disrupting the lipid-protein interface of integral proteins and denaturing their conformation. As a result, the antifungal mechanism of this sesquiterpene dialdehyde is associated with the membrane functions or derangement of the membrane. For example, the glucose-induced medium acidification process of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was inhibited by polygodial, presumably caused by inhibition of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. However, the potent antifungal activity of polygodial results from its multiple functions.     

植物导管壁面增厚结构水动力学模型与流动阻力特性

针对植物木质部导管壁面增厚结构对流动阻力特性的影响问题,提出一种基于计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的植物导管流体建模方法。建立了导管内壁增厚结构的伯努利数学模型,分析导管内径、增厚纹宽、纹高、纹间距和倾斜角等几何结构与导管流阻系数之间的关系;基于剪切应力传输(shear stress transport,SST)k-ω湍流模型建立了螺纹与环纹导管流场仿真模型,对不同几何结构的增厚导管内部水分流动的流场进行了数值模拟。结果表明,导管内径,增厚纹间距和纹高等结构对流体阻力影响显著,增厚纹宽、倾斜角等结构的变化对流体阻力影响较小;壁面增厚结构对小导管的流动阻力影响更加明显,纹高为2.3μm时,在内径为16μm的导管中增厚结构产生的结构流阻占总流阻的57.0%,而内径50μm的导管中增厚结构流阻只占总流阻的27.2%;具有相同结构参数的环纹导管与螺纹导管的水分传输效率接近,且随着导管内径增大两者压降越来越接近(相差小于0.5%)。研究结果为深入研究植物导管水动力学传输特性提供理论依据。     

An analysis of wet deposition of sulfate using a trajectory model for East Asia

A long-range transport model for East Asia was developed to estimate the wet deposition of sulfate. The model is a trajectory type which is appropriate for long-term analysis. Trajectories of air masses are calculated by tracing the wind field which changes spatially and temporally. The processes of reactions, rainout removal, intake of sulfate in cloud water into rain water, and dry and wet depositions are considered. It is possible to calculate the concentration of sulfate in precipitation at a receptor by performing material balance in a grid box containing the receptor.The results obtained by the long-range transport model were evaluated through comparison with observation data of acidic deposition. The observation was conducted at 21 stations throughout Japan for one year. The calculated amount of wet deposition of sulfate in Japan was 0.22Tg/y in S equivalent, while the observed amount was 0.29Tg/y. The long-range transport model can predict almost 80% of observed wet deposition. The contributions of domestic anthropogenic sources and volcanic eruption to wet deposition of sulfate in Japan were estimated using the longrange transport model. The ratio of the deposition of sulfate due to Japanese anthropogenic sources to that due to the Asian continental sources was about 1 to 2. Since air stream from the direction of the Asian continent dominates during winter, the contribution of Japan to wet deposition in the region which faces the Sea of Japan amounted to less than 15%. The contribution of the sulfur oxides from volcanoes was about 20%.     

食品科学研究生实践性教学的研究

分析了食品科学研究生教学实践环节的现状及存在的问题,阐明了研究生教学实践环节的构成及其重要性,并讨论了研究生教学实践环节的作用,探讨研究生教学实践环节的构建与实施,提出了完善实践性教学的实质性建议。     

Effect of silicon on the eutectic carbides in as-heated M2 high speed steel

The effect of silicon on the eutectic carbides in as-heated M2 high speed steels is investigated by using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray diffraction analysis. The high speed steel ingots with different silicon additions are produced by electroslag remelting process (the mass content of silicon is 0.3%, 0.8%, 1.6% and 2.4%, respectively). The ingots are annealed at 780 ℃ for 10 h and heated at 1 165 ℃ for 2.5 h. The results show that the eutectic carbides distributed in the dendrites with continuous or semi-continuous net-shape in the as-annealed ingots. The eutectic carbides change from lamellar-like M2C to herringbone-like M6C with the increase of silicon content. After 2.5 h heating at 1 165 ℃, the lamellar-like M2C decomposes into granular M6C and MC, and the size of granules in M2 high speed steel ingot with 0.8%Si addition is smaller than that in the 0.3%Si. Whereas herringbone-like M6C is unchanged during heating treatment, and coarse primary blocky carbides which are harmful for properties still exists after the deformation.     

Job-Shop scheduling based on improved immune cloning algorithm

Parallel immune clone algorithm is proposed based on population coevolution theory and parallel computing affinity of individual at multiple compute nodes. Introducing the immune memory mechanism, the evolution processes of antibody population and memory units are conducted simultaneously, meanwhile, it improves mutual cooperation among antibodies, and ensures solution set approaching optimal solution from the inside of feasible region or infeasible region border. Clone proliferation, high frequency variation and operation of crossover operators increase the chance that better individuals gain affinity maturation by the operation of clone expansion, improve diversity of antibody population distribution, achieve the balance of optimization between depth and range, and ensure the convergence of the algorithm and the diversity of the search range. A computational study for a standard data set is carried out to test the validity of the algorithm, and the effect of algorithm parameters on the results is analyzed. The simulation results show that the global search capability, local search capability, algorithm stability and computing speed of the algorithm are all superior to conventional optimization algorithms such as normal immune clone optimization algorithm, genetic algorithm, etc.     

短肢剪力墙结构的自由振动特性分析

采用连续化方法导出了短肢剪力墙结构在任意高度侧向集中荷载的作用下的侧移曲线方程，由此得到该结构的抗侧移柔度系数，进而得出结构的抗侧移刚度矩阵。应用抗侧移刚度矩阵对各种整体性系数和肢强系数的短肢剪力墙结构进行了动力特性分析，研究其对结构动力特性的影响。结果表明，当肢强系数不变时，随整体性系数的增加，短肢剪力墙的前两阶振型的振动周期显著减小，而其他高阶振型的振动周期变化很小；当整体性系数不变时，短肢剪力墙的前两阶振型的振动周期随肢强系数的增加显著减小，而其他高阶振型的振动周期变化不大。     

Displacement above the hypocenter of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake

The moment magnitude (M(w)) = 9.0 2011 Tohoku-Oki mega-thrust earthquake occurred off the coast of northeastern Japan. Combining Global Positioning System (GPS) and acoustic data, we detected very large sea-floor movements associated with this event directly above the focal region. An area with more than 20 meters of horizontal displacement, that is, four times larger than those detected on land, stretches several tens of kilometers long along the trench; the largest amount reaches about 24 meters toward east-southeast just above the hypocenter. Furthermore, nearly 3 meters of vertical uplift occurred, contrary to observed terrestrial subsidence.