Soil properties of vineyards on arkoses as a basis to understand their suitability and optimum performance

The study of the soil properties and geochemistry of vineyard soils of the Méntrida Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) (central Spain) was performed to better understand the role of soil as a terroir component and to contribute to sustainable vineyard management. Soil physico-chemical characteristics were determined, along with the content of trace elements (by placing emphasis on rare earths) in topsoils and subsoils. The dominant soil types were Inceptisols, Alfisols and Entisols (USDA soil classificacion), i.e., Cambisols, Luvisols and Regosols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) system. They were all deep and well-structured. Our findings reveal that soil-available nitrogen (N) ranged from 0.03 to 0.21 (%), with soil-available phosphorus (P) ranging from 0.20 to 40.50 (mg·kg⁻¹). pH had a mean of 6.33 (range: 4.4–8.7) in the ten observations, and a degree of mesotrophic saturation in bases (V%), except in one that had a 100% value (soils where carbonates were absent, save exceptional cases). A medium to high cation exchange capacity (CEC) was found (range: 9.8–38.3 cmol·kg⁻¹). The mean values of elements' contents were (mg·kg⁻¹): Sc 14.8, V 32.13, Cr 23.09, As 4.01, Ni 8.57, Cu 6.43, Zn 30.13, Rb 143.49, Sr 63.03, Y 15.39, Ba 374,44, La 25.87, Ce 43.77, Pb 22.25, Nd 21.28. They decreased in this order: Ba > Rb > Sr > Ce > V > Zn > La > Cr > Pb > Nd > Y > Sc > Cu > As. The results confirm the importance of soils for the PDO, with an optimum condition to produce grapevine quality laying the foundations to obtain a good wine. Our findings provide insights into the importance of pedological properties for regulating soil nutrient availability across soil types, and support soil resource utilization management in regional viticulture.     

秸秆生物炭对亚热带葡萄园土壤性质的影响

云南是中国长江以南重要葡萄产地,以红壤为主的葡萄园土壤出现酸、粘等退化现象,导致葡萄产量和品质下降,因此改良退化的葡萄园土壤就成为发展葡萄及葡萄酒生产的关键。笔者以生物炭为土壤改良材料,设计了常规施肥、生物炭+常规施肥、高肥+生物炭3个处理的田间试验。研究结果表明：（1）施用生物炭能显著提高土壤中有机质、速效磷、速效钾的含量。（2）施用生物炭显著提高微生物和解磷菌、解钾菌的数量。（3）施用生物炭同时可提高土壤中过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶的活性。因此,秸秆生物炭能显著提高土壤中速效养分的含量,改善亚热带葡萄园土壤的理化性质。     

贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄霜霉菌孢子囊扩散与田间病情的相关研究

【目的】研究贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄霜霉菌(Plasmopara viticola)孢子囊的田间扩散规律,揭示葡萄霜霉病田间流行机制,为该病的预测预报和防控提供理论依据。【方法】于2015-2017年,在贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄园,采用定量风流孢子捕捉仪捕获田间葡萄霜霉菌孢子囊,监测孢子囊田间扩散数量,并结合田间病情指数和气象因子探讨孢子囊扩散规律,评估贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄霜霉病的流行程度和主要气象影响因子。【结果】葡萄霜霉菌孢子囊在田间有10:00和24:00两个扩散高峰;孢子囊扩散在垂直方向上主要分布在近地面冠层,在水平方向上受葡萄叶幕阻隔形成多个孢子囊捕获中心;孢子囊扩散季节动态曲线呈倒"U"型,先缓慢上升后下降到一个较低的水平。田间孢子囊扩散数量与前7 d平均最低气温、前7 d平均温度、前7 d累计雨日和捕孢后第15天的田间病情指数呈显著或极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.486(P0.01),0.371(P0.05),0.364(P0.05)和0.636(P0.01);与捕孢间隔期是否降雨和捕孢当日的田间病情指数呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.559(P0.05)和-0.378(P0.05)。【结论】通过测定葡萄霜霉菌孢子囊扩散密度,并结合气象数据分析,可以预测葡萄霜霉病田间发生情况,为该病的早期预警和有效防控提供参考。     

Impacts of land‐use intensity on soil organic carbon content,soil structure and water‐holding capacity

The impact of land‐use intensity is evaluated through changes in the soil properties in different areas of the traditional central Spanish landscape. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content, bulk density, aggregate stability and water‐holding capacity (WHC) in the topsoil of active and abandoned vineyards, livestock routes (LR) and young Quercus afforested areas were analysed. These different types of land use can be interpreted as having a gradient of progressively less impact on soil functions or conservation. As soil use intensity declines, there is an increase in SOC content (from 0.2 to 0.6%), WHC (from 0.2 to 0.3 g H₂O per g soil) and aggregate stability (from 4 to 33 drop impacts). Soils beneath vines have lost their upper horizon (15 cm depth) because of centuries‐old tillage management of vineyards. Except for an increase in bulk density (from 1.2 to 1.4 g/cm³), there were no differences in soil characteristics 4 yr after the abandonment of vine management. LR can be considered sustainable uses of land, which preserve or improve soil characteristics, as there were no significant differences between topsoil from LR and that from a 40‐yr‐old Quercus afforested area. SOC content, one of the main indicators for soil conservation, is considered very low in every case analysed, even in the more conservative uses of land. These data can be useful in understanding the slow rate of recovery of soils, even after long‐term cessation of agricultural land use.     

The effects of a vegetational corridor on the abundance and dispersal of insect biodiversity within a northern California organic vineyard

During 1996 and 1997, two adjacent 2.5 has organic vineyard blocks (A and B) were monitored to assess the distributional and abundance patterns of the Western grape leafhopper Erythroneura elegantula Osborn (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and its parasitoid Anagrus epos Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and generalist predators. The main difference between blocks was that block A was cut across by a corridor composed of 65 flowering plant species which was connected to the surrounding riparian habitat, whereas block B had no plant corridor. In both years, leafhopper adults and nymphs and thrips tended to be more numerous in the middle rows of block A and less abundant in border rows close to the forest and corridor where predators were more abundant. The complex of predators circulating through the corridor moved to the adjacent vine rows and exerted a regulatory impact on herbivores present in such rows. In block B all insects were evenly distributed over the field, no obvious density gradient was detected from the edges into the center of the field. Although it is suspected that A. epos depended on food resources of the corridor, it did not display a gradient from this rich flowering area into the middle of the field. Likewise no differences in rates of egg parasitism of leafhoppers could be detected in vines near the corridor or in the vineyard center. The presence of riparian habitats enhanced predator colonization and abundance on adjacent vineyards, although this influence was limited by the distance to which natural enemies dispersed into the vineyard. However, the corridor amplified this influence by enhancing timely circulation and dispersal movement of predators into the center of the field.     

葡萄园中零排放猪舍垫料废料栽培双孢蘑菇

在葡萄园中利用垫圈18个月的零排放猪舍垫料(简称废垫料)进行双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)栽培试验.结果表明,在葡萄园中采用组成为92％废垫料,1％尿素,2％过磷酸钙,2％石灰,3％石膏的培养料可获得与常规培养料接近的栽培效果,可作为葡萄园中栽培双孢蘑菇的推荐培养料.     

Application of seaweed and pruning residue as organic fertilizer to increase soil fertility and vine productivity

Algae have an indisputable role in coastal ecosystems, but their accumulation and uncontrolled proliferation cause severe damage for the local municipalities. Fertilization with seaweed has been shown to increase soil fertility and crop production reducing ultimately the need for inorganic fertilizers. However, contradictory results of the compost effect have been reported. In the present work, we aimed at testing the suitability of three composted algae materials obtained in a previous study as soil amendments for vines. The composted materials consisted of pruning waste (P) and seaweed (S) mixed (henceforth, P2S1, P1S1 and P1S2, referring the number to the ratio of P to S). Overall, we observed an increase in soil organic matter, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil treated in comparison with soils with inorganic fertilization. A moderate N soil enrichment (ca. 20%) was also detected. The leaf analysis reflected generally the greatest concentrations of NPK for the organic treatments, but this was remarkable only during the first year after seaweed application. A noticeable improvement in grape production was detected especially with the P1S1 compost without compromising grape quality although a decrease in sucrose content was noted with the compost with higher productivity (e.g. P2S1 and P1S1). This slight sucrose drop could be attributable to a greater water availability mediated by the compost or to a dilution factor of the sucrose content caused by a greater number of berries in those vines. These findings suggest that although monitoring of the long-term effects is needed, the use of seaweed amendments for agriculture could offer a cost-effective method for coastal municipalities to reduce excessive algae debris while also minimizing the impacts of inorganic fertilization.     

河北葡萄园施肥与土壤养分演变及其对产量的影响

以2007、2009、2011、2014年河北省张家口沙城产区与秦皇岛昌黎产区不同葡萄园为研究对象,采用葡萄园数据调研与葡萄园土壤养分含量分析的方法,揭示河北省葡萄主产区果园施肥量及土壤养分变化规律,明确施肥与土壤养分对产量的贡献,确定合理的施肥阈值。结果表明:2007-2014年河北省葡萄园有机肥投入逐年递减,化肥用量逐年递增,三元复合肥由52.0%增加至94.2%;土壤有机质含量偏低且逐年下降;N、P2O5、K2O含量丰富,总体呈现上升趋势;养分含量随土层深度而降低。氮磷钾养分投入量对产量的贡献率分别是13.59%、10.87%、13.19%;N、P2O5、K2O含量对产量贡献率分别是14.26%、14.76%、13.94%。鉴于河北省葡萄园有机肥投入量逐年降低,化肥投入量逐年升高,土壤有机质含量低,氮磷钾养分残留量大的现状表现,以期为葡萄园合理施肥提供参考依据。