Effects of Glyphosate on Soil Salinization and Alkalization in Cotton Fields

We analyzed the effects of glyphosate to the index of salinization and alkalization by simulation in soils collected from cotton fields in Anyang, Henan and Anqing, Anhui, China, in 2014. The results showed that application of glyphosate changed electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TAL), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and pH of soil in both regions，compared with the blank control. With increased frequency of glyphosate application and increased concentration applied, all indices increased in the Anqing cotton fields soil which were treated with concentrations of 2.5-20 g·L^－1 . However, EC, TAL and ESP increased dynamically in Anyang soil to which high concentrations of 20 g·L^－1 were applied only four consecutive times. After different glyphosate treatments, the soil pH value showed an upward trend but smaller changes. Therefore, after repeated use of glyphosate to soils of two different region soils, although the changes of all indices were within the range of non-saline and non-sodic soils, the soils affected by salt in the glyphosate aqueous solution tended towards saline-sodic soils.     

SALTIRSOIL: a simulation model for the mid to long‐term prediction of soil salinity in irrigated agriculture

The SALTIRSOIL model predicts soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity in irrigated land using basic information on soil, climate, crop, irrigation management and water quality. It extends the concept of the WATSUIT model to include irrigation and crop management practices, advances in the calculation of evapotranspiration and new algorithms for the water stress coefficient and calculation of electrical conductivity. SALTIRSOIL calculates the soil water balance and soil solution concentration over the year. A second module, SALSOLCHEM, calculates the inorganic ion composition of the soil solution at equilibrium with soil calcite and gypsum at the soil’s CO₂ partial pressure. Results from comparing predicted and experimentally determined concentrations, observations and predictions of pH, alkalinity and calcium concentration in calcite‐saturated solutions agree to the second significant figure; in gypsum‐saturated solutions the standard difference between observations and predictions is <3% in absolute values. The algorithms in SALTIRSOIL have been verified and SALSOLCHEM validated for the reliable calculation of soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity at water saturation in well‐drained irrigated lands. In simulations for horticultural crops in southeast Spain, soil solution concentration factors at water saturation, quotients of electrical conductivity (EC₂₅) at saturation to electrical conductivity in the irrigation water, and quotients of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are very similar to average measured values for the area.     

新疆阿瓦提灌区土壤盐渍化状况的

采用主成分分析方法对阿瓦提灌区土壤盐渍化状况进行了研究，结果表明，该地属于中重度硫酸盐盐渍地，0～30cm耕作层含盐量在0.5%-4%之间，在灌区内部土壤盐分存在多次积盐和脱盐过程，耕作层第一、二主成分显著，累计贡献率高达90%，第一主成分综合反映灌区内土壤盐渍化程度，第二、第三主成分联合反映了土壤的碱性特征。     

基于水盐生产函数的绿洲灌区水盐调控研究

土壤次生盐碱化是新疆灌溉农业所面临的最大环境问题。灌溉农业的快速扩展与灌排系统不完善是造成土壤次生盐碱化发生与恶化的关键因素。以水盐生产函数为依据,计算了不同生育阶段及全生育期阶段棉花相对产量与土壤全盐的关系,依据该计算结果对塔里木灌区的土壤盐化程度做了初步划分。基于塔里木灌区地下水埋深较浅且多为微咸水的事实,比较深入地探讨了地下水合理的动态水位及作物对潜水利用问题。最后,提出了灌区水盐调控的对策,强调排水系统的通畅运行是控制土壤次生盐碱化的关键,通过排水系统和减少灌溉定额使作物生长期的地下水埋深控制在1.6~2.1 m内,不但可以减少排水成本,而且也可使作物充分利用地下水,同时促进塔里木河水质的改善。     

景泰川灌区次生盐渍化及其防治

景泰川灌区位于甘肃省北部,景泰县内。1974年景泰电力提水工程建成,最大提水高度406.2米,设计流量10.5米/秒,有效灌溉面积30万余亩。本区为干旱区大陆性气候,年平均降水量186毫米,蒸发量3600毫米,且风沙多。过去由于没有灌溉条件,大面积土地长期荒芜。景电工程的建成,彻底改变了本区的自然面貌和生产条件,短短的十四年间,这里建成了荒漠中的大片绿洲。但是,随着土壤灌溉,灌区的次生盐渍化已经露头。根据第二次土壤普查统计,己经盐化面积30482亩,占总耕地面积的10.16%。因此,充分发挥提黄河水灌溉的效益,并防治土     

黄河流域农业持续发展中的生态环境问题

黄河流域大部分地区地处半干旱，半温润偏旱地带，生态环境十分脆弱，本文分析、评价了黄河流域农业持续发展中的主要生态环境问题及其建设成就，并讨论了良化生态环境的一些基本对策。     

新疆土壤盐碱化及其防治

新疆是一个远离海洋的内陆盆地,气候干燥炎热,平原地区普遍分布着盐碱土。其中耕地土壤盐碱化的危害,是造成新疆农业低产的主要原因之一。本文从发挥新疆资源优势条件出发,根据干旱地区灌溉农业的特点,提出了全面掌握灌区水盐运动规律,因地制宜地运用农、水、林、牧等综合措施的途径。     

新疆平原灌区综合排水措施与模式

在总结已有研究成果及实践经验的基础上,结合近期开展的水盐监测与试验研究,综合地下水开发利用、节水节肥、土地资源合理配置以及农业结构调整等成果资料.应用土壤水盐运移理论与系统分析原理,为实现干旱内陆河流域水土资源可持续利用,系统地提出适应于不同地貌单元,不同土壤盐碱化治理阶段的竖井排灌、竖井与水平联合排灌、水平排水等工程措施,以及利用自然与人造微地形情况下的农田干排盐、生物排盐措施.     

新疆艾比湖绿洲土地退化遥感动态监测

层次分析法是一种将决策者对复杂系统的决策思维过程模型化、数量化的过程.采用层次分析法,对影响和指示土地退化的生物量、归一化植被指数、土壤水分指数和土壤盐碱化4个影响因子进行分析.通过计算每个影响因子的权重,基于ASTER,SPOT,TM,MODIS产品以及野外调查数据等多源数据,对新疆艾比湖地区2000年8月至2004年8月的土地退化状况进行了评价,并且分析了层次分析法应用于土地退化研究的适用性及其优缺点.研究表明:艾比湖地区耕地退化现象普遍,占耕地总面积的55.78%,分布广,程度重.     

吉林省大安市苏打碱土盐化与碱化的关系

选择了76份苏打碱化土壤样品,对其各盐化与碱化指标进行了测定,分析了苏打碱化土壤盐化和碱化的关系.结果表明,土壤的碱化层和高含盐层出现在土壤中同一层次,因此该土壤盐化与碱化过程有密切联系.土壤含盐量与各碱化参数(ESP、SAR、总碱度、RSC和pH)均为正相关.土壤碱化度随含盐量的升高而增大,高盐分浓度对土壤碱化度的抑制作用,至少要在其浓度达到8.0 g/kg以上时才会出现.土壤中Na 、CO32-和HCO3-离子同各碱化参数之间均是极显著相关,同时Cl-离子与除pH外的各碱化参数极显著相关,这是该类型土壤兼有盐化和碱化特征的反映.统计分析表明,各盐分离子中Na 和CO32-离子对ESP的影响作用更大.