Differential effects of -mannose and 2-deoxy- -glucose on attempted powdery mildew fungal infection of inappropriate and appropriate ramineae

Barley, oat and wheat were used as both inappropriate hosts (IH) and appropriate hosts (AH) for three formae speciales of the fungus Blumeria graminis, the causal agent of powdery mildew disease. Treatment with either the glucose analog 2-deoxy- -glucose (DDG) or with -mannose dramatically suppressed penetration resistance in IH and to a much lesser extent in AH combinations. Other effects of DDG and -mannose were strikingly dissimilar. DDG greatly reduced localized autofluorescence at fungal attack sites on epidermal cells, and prevented hypersensitive epidermal cell death (HR). -mannose had little effect on autofluorescence or HR. DDG arrested the development of fungal haustoria and apparently prohibited biotrophy leading to secondary hyphae. -mannose allowed haustorial development and functional biotrophy leading to the production of elongating secondary hyphae. This suggests that B. graminis is in some way capable of utilizing -mannose as a carbon substrate. Results with IH combinations paralleled those of known mlo -barley responses to DDG and -mannose. Results are discussed in relation to specific physiological processes known to be influenced by either DDG or by -mannose, or by both compounds.     

遮穗和去颖下燕麦穗部特征变化和穗部光合贡献率估算

随着探索提高植物整体光合能力相关研究的不断开展，麦类作物穗部器官等植物非叶绿色器官光合潜力挖掘逐渐得到关注。本研究在成都平原秋播美达、贝勒、莫尼卡、摄政王、泰克和甜燕60等6个品种燕麦，设置遮穗、去颖2个试验处理，比较分析了各品种间穗部特征、穗部光合贡献率、颖片光合贡献率和茎光合物质转移率等差异。结果表明，燕麦穗部器官光合贡献率为28.56%～49.05%，其中甜燕60最高；6个品种燕麦的颖片光合贡献率为11.03%～36.88%，茎光合物质转移率为6.65%～35.81%。燕麦穗部器官对籽实增重表现了较高的光合贡献，当燕麦穗部器官光合受到限制时，燕麦单粒种子重和单穗种子数显著降低，尤其是影响双粒小穗数。     

景泰绿洲3种小谷物的产草量与牧草营养成分预测

为了预测景泰绿洲春小麦(Triticum aestivum)、燕麦(Avena sativa)、黑麦(Secale cereale)的产草量和营养品质,通过田间试验,测得牧产草量、株高和分蘖,室内测定粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分和可溶性碳水化合物,分析各指标之间的相关性。结果表明,收获干草的3种小谷物分蘖和株高均与可溶性碳水化合物之外其它5个营养指标存在显著相关性(P0.05),模拟轮牧的春小麦和黑麦株高与营养指标均无相关性(P0.05),燕麦和黑麦的分蘖与6个营养指标均呈显著相关(P0.05)。建立了根据株高预测产草量和营养品质的模型、用分蘖预测牧草营养品质的模型、用产草量预测牧草营养品质的模型、用分蘖和产草量两个因子综合预测营养品质的模型。经过与实测值对比,各预测模型的准确性均较高。     

不同燕麦品种在尼泊尔北部山区的生长特性及其营养品质的研究

畜牧业是尼泊尔北部山区的重要生计支柱,提升牧草产量是我国对尼泊尔开展农业技术援助的关键领域。为筛选出适宜尼泊尔北部山区栽培的燕麦品种,于2019年5-10月在尼泊尔热索瓦县郎唐山区对12个燕麦品种（爱沃、太阳神、贝勒1、美达、科纳、林纳、青引1号、青海444、青海甜燕麦、陇燕2号、陇燕3号、Kamadhenu）的物候期、株高、产草量、穗含量、叶茎比和关键营养成分等进行了品比试验。结果表明：美达、科纳、青引1号、青海444、青海甜燕麦和Kamadhenu 6个品种能完成生育期,生育天数在115~141 d,其余多数品种只能达到乳熟期。各燕麦品种的株高为134.8~177.7 cm,其中引进品种太阳神、青海444、青海甜燕麦、美达和林纳的株高较对照品种Kamadhenu高6.3%~20.4%,存在极显著差异（P<0.01）。青海甜燕麦、青海444和美达的干草产量分别达到了14723.0、13491.0和13369.6 kg·hm^-2,分别比对照品种Kamadhenu增产36.0%、24.7%和23.6%,差异极显著（P<0.01）。贝勒1、科纳和太阳神的叶茎比分别为0.40、0.38和0.36,是对照品种Kamadhenu的1.50~1.67倍。各燕麦品种的干物质、粗蛋白、总灰分、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量变化范围分别为93.5%~95.6%、5.7%~9.9%、4.4%~6.9%、68.2%~78.4%和39.3%~48.7%,其中太阳神的粗蛋白含量是对照品种Kamadhenu的1.57倍,存在极显著差异（P<0.01）。对各燕麦品种的10个农艺性状进行主成分分析及综合评价,结果表明,引进品种青海甜燕麦、美达、青海444和太阳神综合适应性较好,适宜在该地区推广种植。     

节节麦与野燕麦8倍体杂种核型分析

节节麦(Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Sch.2n=2x=14)与通北野燕麦(Avena fatua L.2n=6x=42)杂交,F_1自然加倍成8倍体,8倍体播成的F_2代,遗传性基本一致,PMC镜检表明,染色体数为2n=28Ⅱ。用F_2所结的种子进行根尖细胞核型分析,结果发现8倍体中包含有全套的节节麦和野燕麦的染色体。节节麦中有1对随体染色体.2对近中部着丝点染色体,4对中部着丝点染色体。野燕麦有3对随体染色体,5对近端着丝点染色体,8对近中部着丝点染色体,5对中部着丝点染色体。而节节麦与野燕麦8倍体杂种,有4对随体染色体,5对近端着丝点染色体.10对近中部着丝点染色体,9对中部着丝点染色体。核型分析结果表明,节节麦与野燕麦杂交合成的8倍体,是节节麦与野燕麦的双二倍体。     

Comparative Biomass Production of Six Oat Varieties in a Saline Soil Ecology

Oat is widely used as a food source in human and animal diets. In China, supplementary cultivation of oat has recently been extended into marginal saline soils, due to its extensive use. The goal of the present study was to explore and compare the agronomic characteristics, biomass production, and distribution of oat in coastal saline soil. A single-factor randomized block design experiment with six naked and husked oat varieties [Bayou-1 (BU-1), Baiyan-2 (BY-2), Baiyan-7 (BY-7), Huawan-6 (HW-6), Huazao-2 (HZ-2), and Pin-16 (P-16)] as treatments was conducted in the Hebei Province of China. The growth period (77 to 88 days) of the six oat varieties were shorter in saline soil than their original breeding region. Moreover, the plant was shorter, with a lower grain number per plant and seed setting. Grain weight increased and no change was observed in the floret number in coastal saline soil relative to the original habitats. The BY-7 variety produced the highest biomass value of 7.0 t ha^?1 compared to the other five varieties. Compared with two active growth points, most varieties in the present study showed just one growth activity point between elongation and heading. Two fast growth periods for the six oat varieties were due to the high total leaf biomass growth rate (BGR) from elongation to heading and panicle BGR from heading to maturity. The biomass growth ratio (BGO) during elongation to heading was the largest among the four growth stages of the oat varieties. The number of kernels per spike decreased at the research site, but grain weight increased. Substantial differences were observed for growth periods, biomass, BGR, BGO, and other agronomic characters in the coastal saline soil of North China, but the BY-7 variety was the most suitable variety for the study site.     

Quality versus quantity: spring wheat seed size and seeding rate effects on Avena fatua interference, economic returns and economic thresholds

A 3-year field experiment was conducted at Kalispell, Montana, USA, to investigate the effects of spring wheat seed size and seeding rate on wheat yield loss (YL), economic returns and economic thresholds (ETs), as a function of Avena fatua density. Crop competitive ability increased as wheat seeding rate and seed size increased, with the greatest differences among treatment factors being observed at low weed densities. Both treatment factors decreased spring wheat YL, increasing economic returns during all 3 years of the study despite the higher associated seed costs. Averaged over all other factors, adjusted gross returns (AGR) were 477 and 537$ ha⁻¹ for the low and high seeding rates, while values of 453, 521 and 547$ ha⁻¹ were obtained for the small, bulk and large seed size classes respectively. Weed-free yield potential varied yearly. As yield potential increased, A. fatua competitive effects were more evident and ETs decreased. Nonetheless, both treatment factors increased ETs in 2 of 3 years. These results demonstrate that the use of higher seeding rates and larger seed size classes both improve wheat competitive ability towards A. fatua while simultaneously increasing economic returns.     

旱地莜麦多目标动态施肥模式研究

建立莜麦籽粒产量、生物产量、籽粒蛋白质产量、总蛋白质产量与施氮总量及追施比例之间的效应方程,求解不同边际利润下的最佳施氮量及追施比例。结果表明施氮量改变,直接影响最佳追施比例、籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和生物产量等,施氮量在17.25～120.75kg/hm2区间内,各种目标产量随施氮量的增加而稳定增加,在合理的施氮量区间内实现既定产量,施氮总量与追施比例可以消长互替,降低追施比例则增加氮素总量,或增加追施比例则可以减少氮素总量。得出了不同目标产量时的最佳氮肥用量与追施比例和对应于氮肥不同用量的最佳追施比例及理论产量的动态施肥模式的数学方程。     

Reinvestigating adjuvants for the wild oat herbicide,flamprop-M-isopropyl. II: Field performance

A field trials programme was conducted in which the performance of a new emulsifiable concentrate formulation (ECI) of flamprop-M-isopropyl containing the adjuvant, ‘Dobanol’ 25-7, in a ratio of 2:1 (by weight) with the AI, was compared with the current commercial formulation of ‘Commando’, in combination with its recommended adjuvant, ‘Swirl’, for the control of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A further treatment, in which the ‘Dobanol’ 25-7: AI ratio was increased to 4:1 by the spray tank addition of the former, was also included. The mean results from six trials (five wheat, one barley) showed that the addition of ‘Swirl’ to ‘Commando’ was beneficial, increasing wild oat floret control from a mean value of 80% to 92% at current recommended rates (flamprop-M-isopropyl, 600 g ha^?1; ‘Swirl’, 2.5 litre ha^?1). However, combinations of flamprop-M-isopropyl and ‘Dobanol’ 25-7 gave superior levels of control even at lower AI application rates. For example, a mean level of 96% control of Avena spp. was obtained at 300 g AI ha^?1 with 1200 g ha^?1 ‘Dobanol’ 25–7; with even better control at higher rates of application of both components. This improvement in performance was accompanied by a higher risk of crop phytotoxicity than observed with the ‘Commando’/‘Swirl’ mixtures. Symptoms initially were scorch and subsequently growth depression, particularly of tillers. None of the mean values in the six ‘efficacy’ trials reached commercially unacceptable levels, but in a further six ‘crop effects’ trials (three wheat, three barley), in which double rates were applied, the levels of phytotoxicity did become unacceptable and subsequently reduced grain yields. In contrast, two barley ‘crop effects’ trials gave yields higher than the control plots, possibly through the effects of reducing stem length and lodging thereby enabling more efficient harvesting. Nevertheless, there were rates of application of flamprop-M-isopropyl in the range 300–400 g ha^?1 with ratios of ‘Dobanol’ 25-7 in the range 2:1 to 4:1 that would achieve high levels of control of Avena spp. without undue risk of crop phytotoxicity and further trials are planned to support this new adjuvant system.     

地膜覆盖下豆禾混播草地根系的动态研究

使用差额法连续分层次地对燕麦＋豌豆人工草地的根系在地膜覆盖条件下的生长发育动态进行了研究，结果表明：燕麦根系的58％分布浅，豌豆的77％根系分布在10～20cm深，两者混播后，其根系可有效地互补，且在地膜覆盖条件下互补性增强。同时地膜覆盖后，使根系的分布更浅，根量减少。