干旱胁迫下保水剂对苗木生长及生理的影响

在盆栽条件下,对不同保水剂处理的土壤吸持水特性以及云南拟单性木兰和绒叶含笑苗的水分生理、生长状况进行试验研究。结果表明,随着保水剂用量的增加,土壤保水能力和供水能力增加,苗木在有限水分条件下生存期延长3-91 d,地径、树高、新增叶片分别增加了16.7％-461.2％,22.7％-368.2％,42.9％-372.7％;随着保水剂用量增加,土壤容重下降了6.2％-35.1％,总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度明显增加了3.6％-20.3％和5.9％-22.6％;在有限水分条件下,通过不同保水剂处理能减少水分的胁迫,净光合速率增长8.9％-461.2％,蒸腾速率增长了22.2％-518.7％,气孔导度增长了4.2％-512.5％。     

Functional heterogeneity in resources within landscapes and herbivore population dynamics

Large mammalian herbivores are notorious for their propensity towards population irruptions and crashes, yet many herbivore populations remain relatively stable. I explore how resource heterogeneity within landscapes dampens population instability, using a metaphysiological modelling approach considering patch state distributions. Resource heterogeneity is functionally stabilizing through spreading consumption away from preferred resources before these become critically depleted. Lower-quality resources act as a buffer against starvation during critical periods of the seasonal cycle. Enriching resource quality is destabilizing, even if patch diversity is maintained, because food quantity then becomes the limitation. The potential consequences of landscape fragmentation are explored using the Serengeti ecosystem, characterised by broadscale resource gradients, as a hypothetical example. Further insights provided by the model are illustrated with specific examples concerning the effects of patch scales and waterpoint distribution. A metaphysiological modelling approach enables the basic consequences of landscape heterogeneity to be distinguished from further effects that may arise from specific patch scales and configurations, without the distracting detail of spatially explicit models.     

Quantification of flight times of aerial treatments targeting invasive species: the interplay of helicopter or drone with bait-delivery systems,flight speed and bait form

BACKGROUND

Aerial treatments for invasive species management are now common, but we are unaware of any work published in the scientific literature quantifying how the interplay of numerous factors affects flight time and therefore operational costs. Here, we analyse aerial treatment data collected from two ant-eradication programmes, quantifying how the relationships between flight time and area are influenced by numerous aircraft/delivery system/bait/flight speed combinations.

RESULTS

For bait dispersal by helicopters, and when swath widths are equivalent, side-mounted Isolair was significantly more efficient than the simultaneous use of two underslung buckets, and use of two buckets was slightly but not significantly more efficient than one bucket. In this scenario, delivery by Isolair was, on average, 39.8% and 31.5% more efficient than the use of one or two buckets, respectively. However, when the swath width used with Isolair was halved to 10 m and flight speed was increased slightly, flight time was significantly greater compared to the other configurations. For bait dispersed by drone, flights conducted using an upgraded Flight Management System (FMS) and greater flight speed but smaller swath width were significantly more efficient than flights using the older FMS and lower flight speed. Over 10 and 50 ha the helicopter was 2.87 and 4.82 times more time efficient than the drone.

CONCLUSION

We encourage practitioners to publish data from their aerial treatments, and to try new methods, to accelerate improvements in efficiency and reduce the costs of aerial treatments. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Herbicide savings and economic benefits of several strategies to control Sorghum halepense in maize crops

This study was conducted to assess the herbicide savings and the cost efficiency of site-specific herbicide application strategies in comparison with other strategies based on uniform application of herbicides throughout the whole field. The specific situation considered was Sorghum halepense infested maize fields in Spain. The results from a theoretical economic model were contrasted with the information derived from a S. halepense survey conducted in 37 commercial maize fields distributed over three Spanish maize production areas. Seven application strategies were simulated: 1) no herbicide; 2) overall full-rate; 3) overall half-rate; 4) and 5) site-specific spraying infested cells with full- and half-rate, respectively; 6) and 7) site-specific spraying infested cells plus adjacent buffer areas with full- and half-rate, respectively. The simulation results showed that site-specific weed management was the most profitable strategy when S. halepense infested area ranged between 6.5 and 18.7%. This scenario was present in 22% of the surveyed fields. In fields with less than 6.5% infestation (a situation present in 51% of the surveyed fields), yield losses were slight and the most profitable strategy was using no herbicide. When the infested area ranged between 18.7 and 40.8% (19% of the surveyed fields), no significant differences were observed between the net benefits of the various strategies. Full rate herbicide applications throughout the entire field resulted in the highest net returns in fields with more than 40.8% weed infestation (8% of the surveyed fields). In these cases, the added costs of weed detection, mapping and site-specific herbicide application were not justified by the herbicide savings obtained. Likewise, herbicide savings obtained with the various strategies depended on the proportion of the field infested. Considering the high difference between site-specific treatments and uniform application of herbicides when the infested area ranged between 18.7 and 40.8%, and that no significant differences in net returns were observed in this range, site-specific treatments should be preferred. Adding a buffer area to the site-specific treatments does not seem a suitable strategy due to the considerable increases in costs and reductions in herbicide savings.     

高校校园网内联网计算机的故障分析与维护方案

在高校校园网中,计算机的使用量和计算机的数量与日俱增,无论是负责维护计算机网络教室或者电子阅览室的工程技术人员还是接入校园网的个人用户都会遇到各种各样的计算机故障.本文通过对计算机产生故障现象的分析,对计算机硬件及系统软件的维护提出了解决方法.     

保水剂的吸水和保水特性研究

保水剂的吸水和保水特性的研究结果表明，保水剂在去离子水、蒸馏水、泥水中的吸水倍率分别为300倍、192倍、130倍。保水剂的吸水能力随溶液中盐浓度的升高而下降，当盐浓度超过0．5％以上时，保水剂的吸水能力不再下降；在相同的离子浓度下，保水剂在含Ca^(2 )离子溶液中的吸水能力低于含K^ 离子的溶液。溶剂的pH值为7时，保水剂的吸水倍率最大；其pH值小于或大于7都会使保水剂的吸水能力下降。土壤中掺保水剂可以有效地抑制土壤中的水分蒸发，使土壤的总蒸发量下降2．94％～9．36％，致使土壤含水率在实验末期比对照增加20．1％～69．5％。保水剂用量越大，效果越好。     

农林生物质材料基水凝胶的研究进展

综述了以纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、淀粉为原料制备水凝胶的研究进展,探讨了它们通过氢键、静电力及化学键合等结合方式如何制备水凝胶三维网络结构,以及这些水凝胶在生物医药、组织工程和污水处理等领域的应用前景。     

Scale-dependent habitat use in three species of prairie wetland birds

We evaluated the influence of scale on habitat use for three wetland-obligate bird species with divergent life history characteristics and possible scale-dependent criteria for nesting and foraging in South Dakota, USA. A stratified, two-stage cluster sample was used to randomly select survey wetlands within strata defined by region, wetland density, and wetland surface area. We used 18-m (0.1 ha) fixed radius circular-plots to survey birds in 412 semipermanent wetlands during the summers of 1995 and 1996. Variation in habitat use by pied-billed grebes (Podilymbus podiceps) and yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), two sedentary species that rarely exploit resources outside the vicinity of nest wetlands, was explained solely by within-patch variation. Yellow-headed blackbirds were a cosmopolitan species that commonly nested in small wetlands, whereas pied-billed grebes were an area-sensitive species that used larger wetlands regardless of landscape pattern. Area requirements for black terns (Chlidonias niger), a vagile species that typically forages up to 4 km away from the nest wetland, fluctuated in response to landscape structure. Black tern area requirements were small (6.5 ha) in heterogeneous landscapes compared to those in homogeneous landscapes (15.4–32.6 ha). Low wetland density landscapes composed of small wetlands, where few nesting wetlands occurred and potential food sources were spread over large distances, were not widely used by black terns. Landscape-level measurements related to black tern occurrence extended past relationships between wetlands into the surrounding matrix. Black terns were more likely to occur in landscapes where grasslands had not been tilled for agricultural production. Our findings represent empirical evidence that characteristics of entire landscapes, rather than individual patches, must be quantified to assess habitat suitability for wide-ranging species that use resources over large areas.     

肠相关性淋巴样组织研究概况

系统论述了肠相关淋巴组织的组成结构及其在肠道黏膜免疫中的功能作用，同时，概述了肠相关淋巴组织在消化道感染中的可能作用，并指出从黏膜免疫的角度来研究畜禽消化道疾病的病原体与消化道粘膜感染的关系是揭示这类疾病发生机理的一个新的突破点，它将为策划新的防制战略以控制畜禽消化道疾病的发生和消化道感染提供重要的依据。     

吸水剂提高群众杨的抗盐性及其机理

该文利用盐敏感的群众杨,研究在盐胁迫条件下吸水剂对树木抗盐性的影响．实验中使用的是德国Stockhausen化学公司研制生产的新型吸水剂:Stocksorb 500 XL(钾-聚丙烯酸脂-聚丙烯酰胺共聚体)．土壤中施用0.5%吸水剂(干重)提高了群众杨的抗盐性．在盐胁迫期间,吸水剂处理显著抑制了有害盐离子Na+和Cl-在苗木叶片中的积累,提高了苗木的气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(TRN)和光合速率(Pn),使苗木能够维持超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶和过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶的活性,保持了活性氧清除能力．NaCl处理苗木在处理后25 d叶片出现盐害,Stocksorb 500 XL型吸水剂使苗木盐害出现的时间推迟20 d．吸水剂能调控植物对离子的吸收,主要源于吸水剂对盐分的缓冲作用和离子选择吸附作用:①Stocksorb 500 XL自身超强的吸水能力起到了稀释土壤盐分的作用,形成了植物根系生长的低盐环境;②通过对离子的选择吸附,吸水剂胶体富积了钙和镁,屏蔽了Na+离子．另外,Stocksorb 500 XL自身含有可被植物根系吸收利用的K+．所以,根系生长在这样的环境中,无疑将减少对有害盐离子的吸收、转运和积累,而增加对营养元素的吸收和利用,最终提高了植物的抗盐性．