马铃薯品种抗软腐病测定条件的研究

用全薯块吸头刺伤接种法测定时,较理想的测定条件为:每接种点接种0.1ml浓度为10~2～10~5CFU/ml菌悬液,随后在21±5℃～31±5℃(依所用菌株而定)下保持2～3天,以接种点腐烂斑的最大直径作记载标准。用新鲜薯片法测定时,除接种浓度为10~2～10~3CFU/ml,保持时间为1～2天及以侵染限值作评价标准外,其余条件和全薯块吸头刺伤接种法相同。当用皮孔浸渍法接种时,薯块在10_6CFU/ml菌悬液中浸5分钟,然后使薯块表面保持连续水膜,3～5天后测量薯块表面腐烂面积。上述3种方法都必须有20个以上重复,并使用大小一致、无伤无病的成熟薯块。     

Colonization and histopathology of susceptible and resistant carnation cultivars infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi

Stems of the susceptible Early Sam and resistant Novada carnations were inoculated with a conidial suspension ofFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi. Stem segments of either cultivar were sampled regularly and used for determination of fungal growth and for microscopical investigation.Early Sam showed typicalFusarium wilt symptoms and its stems were colonized intensively. The observed vascular browning appeared to be caused by discolouration of primary walls of infected vessels and surrounding cells. Vessels were rarely occluded with gel. Cell wall degradation led to the formation of stem cavities. Hyperplasia of xylem parenchyma was not seen.In Novada, fungal colonization remained low throughout the experiment. Macroscopic symptoms were absent except for longitudinal bursts in the stem, which appeared to be caused by hyperplasia of xylem parenchyma bordering infection. Vascular gelation occurred in the infected tissues, causing some vascular browning also. Xylem vessel regeneration was observed in the hyperplastic layer. Cavities were not formed, and wall discolouration was rare. Vascular gelation is considered part of theFusarium wilt resistance mechanism. It is followed by xylem vessel regeneration, which expresses a general plant response to vascular dysfunction rather than being part of the resistance mechanism.Although of different origin, vascular browning as such occurs in both susceptible and resistant interactions. In breeding for resistance, care should hence be taken with the current use of browning as an indication of disease.Samenvatting Anjers van de vatbare cultivar Early Sam en de resistente cultivar Novada werden geïnoculeerd met een conidiënsuspensie vanFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi. Van beide cultivars werden regelmatig stengeldelen geoogst om deze microscopisch te onderzoeken en om de schimmelgroei te bepalen.Early Sam vertoonde de voor deze verwelkingsziekte kenmerkende symptomen en werd intensief gekoloniseerd. Aan het vaatweefsel waargenomen bruinkleuring bleek veroorzaakt te worden door verkleuring van de primaire wanden van geïnfecteerde vaten en de hen omringende cellen. Zelden trad er in de vaten gomvorming op. Celwandafbraak veroorzaakte de vorming van holten in de stengel. Hyperplasie van het houtparenchym werd niet waargenomen.In Novada bleef de schimmelgroei gedurende het hele experiment beperkt. Macroscopisch waren er enkel lengtescheuren in de stengel te zien, die veroorzaakt bleken te worden door hyperplasie van aan de infectie grenzend houtparenchym. In het geïnfecteerde vaatweefsel optredende gomvorming veroorzaakte ook enige bruinkleuring. In het hyperplastische weefsel werd regeneratie van houtvaten waargenomen. In de stengel werden geen holten gevormd, en verkleuring van de celwanden kwam weinig voor. De vorming van gommen in de houtvaten maakt waarschijnlijk deel uit van het resistentiemechanisme. De daarop volgende houtvatregeneratie is eerder een algemene reactie van de plant op vaatverstopping dan een deel van het resistentiemechanisme.Vaatverbruining, zij het van verschillende oorsprong, komt voor in zowel vatbare als resistente interacties. Om die reden moet men in de resistentieveredeling bij de anjer voorzichtig zijn met het gebruik van bruinkleuring als ziekteïndicatie.     

Biochemical properties of the pathogenesis-related proteins from tobacco

This review describes the discovery and identification of the pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) from tobacco. In crude leaf extracts the PRs are distinguished from the proteins in uninfected plants by their solubility at pH 3, resistance to a range of proteases, and mobility in polyacrylamide gels upon electrophoresis (PAGE) in non-denaturing conditions. PAGE has been used as a qualitative and semi-quantitative assay for PRs, and their migration in gels made from different acrylamide concentrations has been used to identify charge and size isomers and electrophoretically identical PRs in different tobacco cultivars. The subunit composition and molecular weight (mol. wt) of the four PRs identified first in Xanthi-nc were determined by SDS-PAGE; staining the gels has shown that these same four proteins in Samsun NN did not contain carbohydrate, lipid or nucleic acid, nor were they isozymic forms of twenty five enzymes known to increase in activity following infection with TMV. Evidence suggests that most of the PRs in Xanthi-nc and Samsun NN are extracellular.The purification of several PRs from Xanthi-nc, Samsun NN and other tobaccos is described, as well as their mol. wt, subunit and amino acid composition. PRs 1a, b and c consist of a single polypeptide and have similar mol. wt and amino acid compositions. Antisera prepared against purified Xanthi-nc b₁ protein have been used to determine serological relationships between PRs and form the basis of a very sensitive quantitative assay using ELISA. The regulation of synthesis of some PRs has been shown to involve translational control.     

甘草愈伤组织蛋白质组双向电泳技术的建立

以来源于野生乌拉尔甘草的愈伤组织为试材,对甘草愈伤组织蛋白质的提取、SDS-PAGE电泳、上样量、染色方法等关键步骤进行了优化,结果表明:采用改良丙酮法可提高提取液中蛋白质的含量及单向电泳图谱的分辨率;17 cm IPG胶条上样量为450μg时,采用银染法提高了双向电泳图谱的分辨率及分离效果,获得了1 132个蛋白点。建立了一套适用于乌拉尔甘草的愈伤组织蛋白质组分析的双向电泳方法。     

茭白黑粉菌脉冲电泳分析方法

采用脉冲电泳法对茭白黑粉菌染色体进行核型分析。分析结果表明,茭白黑粉菌脉冲电泳样品处理方法包括原生质体的制备、电泳参数的设置等,对试验结果有一定影响,在制备电泳样品时,包埋的原生质体或孢子的浓度不能太低,蛋白酶K的浓度不能过高,低熔点琼脂糖的浓度不能太低,此外还应确保电泳槽水平,并且电泳结束后及时取出凝胶。     

冷刺激对两种泥鳅血液蛋白质的影响

采用SDS-聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳技术,探讨冷刺激对泥鳅血液蛋白质的影响.结果表明,泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的血液蛋白质发生了变化,即产生了冷激蛋白;同种泥鳅,控制产生冷激蛋白的特定基因在一定的刺激强度和刺激程度下,产生冷激蛋白的时间和种类不同;不同种泥鳅,在相同低温处理条件下,产生冷激蛋白的时间和种类也不一样.本研究不仅为研究冷激蛋白提供了前提,而且为两种泥鳅的人工养殖提供了参考.     

马铃薯基乳液作为脂肪替代物对鱼糜凝胶品质影响研究

为了研究马铃薯基乳液（potato based emulsion, PE）对鱼糜凝胶品质的影响, 本研究将玉米油（corn oil,CO）或PE按不同添加量（0%~14%）与鱼糜混合,以鱼糜凝胶质构、水分、色泽、分子间相互作用、流变特性和微观结构为考察指标,探究PE作为脂肪替代物对鱼糜凝胶品质的影响及机理。 结果显示,在相同的油添加量下,与CO相比,PE能避免油滴对鱼糜凝胶质构特性和持水能力产生的劣化效果,使样品表现出更高的弹性模量和粘度,其中,6%油含量PE样品的硬度从1 073 g（0%油含量样品）提升到1 159 g,而6%油含量CO样品的硬度降低至837 g;另外,横向弛豫时间结果表明,PE抑制了不易流动水向由水的转变,使更多的不易流动水被束缚,这可能增强了光线漫反射,从而使PE样品白度更高;微观结构和分子间作用力测定结果表明PE样品中油滴分布更均匀,氢键、疏水相互作用和二硫交联更强,凝胶网络因淀粉颗粒的填充效应而更致密;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果表明 ,PE组中油滴对鱼糜蛋白交联的干预程度更小。研究表明,PE可作为脂肪替代物提升鱼糜凝胶制品品质。本研究可为淀粉基脂肪替代物的开发及其在鱼糜凝胶产品中的应用提供理论基础。     

果胶对脂类和类胡萝卜素消化利用影响研究进展

果胶已经被证实可以影响脂类的消化,脂溶性的类胡萝卜素在消化阶段需要被脂滴包裹才能进入小肠形成胶束,因此果胶对类胡萝卜素的消化利用也会存在潜在影响。该文综述了近年来果胶对脂类和类胡萝卜素消化利用影响研究进展,主要分为果胶对消化液黏度的影响、对消化酶的影响、与钙离子的相互作用、与胆盐的结合作用以及对脂滴的包裹作用这5个方面。该文为后续分析如何提高果蔬中类胡萝卜素生物利用度提供理论依据。     

KGM/ALG复合凝胶的制备及溶胀性能研究

[目的]获得新型的、生物可降解的凝胶材料。[方法]以魔芋葡甘聚糖和海藻酸钠为主要原料,利用CaCl2交联制备了KGM/ALG复合凝胶,研究魔芋葡甘聚糖和海藻酸钠的比例、Ca2+浓度、环境pH值对复合凝胶溶胀性能的影响。[结果]KGM/ALG复合凝胶在溶胀初期溶胀比增加很快,随着溶胀时间的延长,溶胀比增长变缓,最后达到平衡。随着魔芋葡甘聚糖含量的增加,复合凝胶的平衡溶胀比增加,当魔芋葡甘聚糖与海藻酸钠的比例大于2.5∶1.5(W/W)时,复合凝胶的强度降低。当Ca2+浓度从1.0 mol/L增加到3.0 mol/L时,复合凝胶的平衡溶胀比由5.7降至3.6。当环境pH值为7.4时,复合凝胶的平衡溶胀比最大。[结论]KGM/ALG复合凝胶的平衡溶胀比随CaCl2用量的增加而降低。     

魔芋软腐病致病机理及其生物防治

[目的]报道国内外学者关于魔芋软腐病生物防治的研究成果。[方法]通过近几年国内外文献调研,综述国内外学者在致病机理和生物防治方面的研究进展,并就今后魔芋软腐病防治提出几点设想。[结果]在对软腐欧文氏菌病原菌致病机理的深入研究中,明确了软腐欧文氏菌的群体调节系统,即细菌可根据特定信号分子浓度监测周围环境中自身或其他细菌的数量变化,能启动菌体中相关基因的表达来适应环境中的变化;明确欧文氏菌有一系列分泌系统,系统Ⅰ将蛋白酶从细胞质分泌到胞外空间一步完成,系统Ⅱ可分2步分泌果胶酶和纤维素酶,在致病中起重要作用;果胶酶是致病过程中最重要的酶。近年来生物防治魔芋软腐病初见成效,主要是利用生防细菌、生防真菌和植物活性物质以及利用植物基因工程防治魔芋软腐病。[结论]该研究为软腐病的有效防治提供了新的思路和手段。