Metabolic effects of changes in the dietary protein: carbohydrate ratio in eel (Angilla anguilla) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The metabolic consequences of the isoenergetic replacement of dietaryprotein by carbohydrates (CHO) were compared in studies of European eel andrainbow trout. Diets with 45/20, 37/30, 29/40 and 21/50 percentprotein/carbohydrate were assessed during a 12-week experiment. The CHO sourcewas pre-gelatinized corn starch. Fish of initial average weight 45gwere fed to satiation twice daily. Weight-gain and feed-efficiency data weregenerally better in trout than in eel, presumably because trout digestibilitycoefficients for protein and energy were higher than in eel. In both species,regardless of physiological differences in digestion and absorption, feedintakeand nutrient digestibility were lower when dietary CHO was higher, but theinter-species differences decreased with increasing dietary CHO.Pyruvate kinase activity (PK) in trout was not affected by dietary CHO content,while blood-glucose and liver-glycogen levels significantly rose withincreasingdietary CHO. In contrast, blood-glucose levels appeared to be regulated ineels,perhaps by an accelerated glycolysis rate, revealed by changes in PK.Gluconeogenic activity was inhibited in trout fed a diet containing20–30%CHO, while in eels this activity was not inhibited by dietary replacement ofprotein by carbohydrate. Liver glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity(G6PDH) was inhibited in trout fed increasing dietary CHO, whereas in eelsG6PDHoperated at a high rate regardless of dietary composition. These results mayindicate that eels have a better capacity for metabolising high-CHO/low-proteindiets than do trout.     

Performance of a closed recirculating system with foam separation, nitrification and denitrification units for intensive culture of eel: towards zero emission

The development of a closed recirculating aquaculture system that does not discharge effluents would reduce a large amount of pollutant load on aquatic bodies. In this study, eel were reared in a closed recirculating system, which consisted of a rearing tank, a foam separation unit, a nitrification unit and a denitrification unit. The foam separation unit has an inhalation-type aerator and supplies air bubbles to the rearing water. The growth of eel, which were fed a commercial diet, was satisfactory, with gross weight increases of up three times in 3 months. The survival rate under the congested experimental conditions was 91%. The foam separation unit maintained oxygen saturation in the rearing water at about 80%. Furthermore, fine colloidal substances were absorbed on the stable foam formed from eel mucus and were removed from the rearing water by foam separation. Ammonia oxidation and the removal of suspended solids were accomplished rapidly and simultaneously in the nitrification unit. The ammonia concentration and turbidity were kept at less than 1.2 mg of N per litre and 2.5 units, respectively. When the denitrification process was operated, nitrate that accumulated in the rearing water (151 mg of N per litre) was reduced to 40 mg of N per litre. The sludge was easily recovered from the nitrification and denitrification tanks, and the components were found suitable as compost. Based on these results, the intensive aquaculture of freshwater fish such as eel can be achieved using a closed recirculating system without emission.     

鳗鲡的营养成分·养殖现状与对策

从鳗鲡的分布、鳗鲡产业发展现状、养殖种类的变化及其原因以及营养成分(基本营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸等)方面对鳗鲡养殖现状进行了综述。     

鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）胚胎发育与水温和盐度的关系

实验结果表明，鳗鲡胚胎发育与水温和盐度关系密切，在一定的水温范围内，胚胎发育所需时间与水温呈负相关关系，ｙ＝２４６．７７５ｅ＾－０．０８２ｘ。其合适水温范围是２０－２６℃，临界水温上限３０℃，下限１６℃；胚胎发育的合适盐度范围是１５－３５‰，临界盐度上限４０－４５‰，下限５－１０‰。胚胎孵化率与盐度呈二次曲线相关关系，ｙ＝３６．９３＋０．２３ｘ－０．１９ｘ＾２。     

冻烤鳗抗生素残留量微生物分析法

本文叙述了农业部1997年批准的中华人民共和国冻烤鳗水产行业标准中以纸片扩散法检测烤鳗样品中抗生素残留量的原理,操作方法,最低检出量和对30份烤鳗样品的检验结果。同时探讨了制定烤鳗抗生素残留量的质量标准和检测方法的思路。     

鳗鱼浮性颗粒饲料的初步试验

本次试验得到的鳗鱼浮性颗粒,其较适配制条件为:(1)用膨化机制造鳗鱼浮性颗粒饲料;(2)利用小麦或玉米淀粉在一定条件下的膨化特性作粘结剂;(3)淀粉含量为26.5～46%;(4)含水量为25.5～29%;(5)加工温度为126～140℃;(6)脂肪含量4.3%。     

复合微生物制剂在日本鳗鲡土池精养中的应用

本研究开展了对日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica) 精养殖土池,定期泼洒施用一种复合微生物制剂（Freshplus净水剂）的对比试验,定期监测了处理组和对照组池塘的水温、pH、溶氧、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、COD、碱度等水质指标,并分析对比了鳗鱼养殖效果。结果表明：Freshplus净水剂的施用能显著降低鳗鱼土池水体氨氮浓度60.5% (p＜0.05)、显著提高鳗鱼生长速度33.0% (p＜0.05),降低饲料系数9.6% (p＜0.1)。     

土池循环水养鳗模式的初步研究

应用循环水处理技术建立鳗鲡土池健康养殖模式,主要通过对补给水源进行过滤消毒及对排出水进行无害化处理,调节鱼池中的藻类密度和有机物质含量,来达到调控水质、控制疾病、节约用水并实现无公害养殖的目的.循环系统启用30d以后,NH4 -N去除率稳定在50%以上,而NO2--N、高锰酸盐指数值的变化不明显.经过112d养殖,试验鱼平均规格达406.0g(2.5p),存塘重量达7847.17 kg,存塘密度达113.73 kg/hm2,增重倍数达5.1倍.试验结果表明:循环水养殖模式可有效控制池塘水质环境的变化,保持藻相稳定,有利水环境的稳定,促进鳗鱼生长,减少疾病发生.     

Control of saprolegniosis in the eel Anguilla australis Richardson, by Aeromonas media strain A199

The probiotic activity of Aeromonas media strain A199 for the control of saprolegniosis at low water temperatures was trialled in a laboratory-based challenge using the eel, Anguilla australis Richardson. Eels were challenged in the presence of a physiological and physical stress akin to that preceding the winter outbreaks of saprolegniosis in farms. The concentration of Saprolegnia parasitica cysts was 9±1.2 cysts/ml for the initial challenge. Morbidity due to saprolegniosis was low, at 27% in A199-treated tanks, in comparison to the 44% recorded for the non-treated control tanks. The subsequent addition of live A199 cultures to the treatment tanks resulted in the recovery of fish suffering from saprolegniosis (p=0.038), with temperature appearing to be a factor regulating the effect of A199. It was concluded that A199 is a potential agent for the management of winter outbreaks of saprolegniosis in eels.     

Evaluating innovative technologies for multistage fish growth processes: Case study of an eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) farm

A new method for evaluating innovative technologies for multistage fish growth processes was developed. An earlier economic model was adapted to meet the real-world requirements of a commercial eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) farm. The economic benefits of different innovative technologies at the farm level were evaluated where the technology included multiple production alternatives at various intensities and several growth stages. Data were gathered into “bio-economic” tables that take into account the biological parameters of each production alternative and the costs related to its development and implementation. The adjusted data were then divided into groups of production alternatives and feasible combinations of alternatives for each of three growth stages were evaluated to determine the best technology for the overall growth process. A computer program enabled us to enumerate all potential innovative technologies, collect information on biological parameters and costs by growth stage, and compare additional profit expected after implementation of each innovation. Results reveal the most profitable innovative technologies by growth stage for the 5-year eel culture. Comparison of the 10 best technologies shows that combining the alternatives with the best biological parameters for each growth stage does not necessarily result in the maximum additional profit for the farm.