Sensitivity of four Yeasts to Fungicides and CO2 Concentrations and Their Antagonistic Ability in Combination with Fungicide to pathogenic Fungi in vitro

The yeasts Cryptococcus laurentii,Trichosporon pullulans,Rhodotorula glutinis and Trichosporon sp.were used to investigate their sensitivity to four fungicides and different concentrations of CO2,as well as their antagonistic ability to Penicilliumexpansum and Alternaria alternata in vitro when applied with fungicide.There were significant differences in sensitivity to the fungicides among the different yeasts(P = 0.05).R.glutinis was more sensitive to Deccocil,Iprodione and Stroby as compared to other yeasts.Combination antagonistic yeasts with fungicide could more significantly enhance biocontrol ability of the yeasts against the pathogenic fungi in vitro(P = 0.05).C.laurentii was the most effective antagonist among the four yeasts and could completely control spore germination of P.expansum and A.alternata when combined with Stroby at the concentration of 100 μL L-1.The yeasts,except R.glutinis,could grow well on nutrient yeast dextrose agar (NYDA) after 8 d incubation even at 20% CO2 concentration at 25℃.Particularly Trichosporon sp.showeda better adaptability to low temperature as compared to other antagonists.     

Trichoderma harzianum produces nonanoic acid, an inhibitor of spore germination and mycelial growth of two cacao pathogens

An isolate of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai from an infected cacao pod produces and secretes nonanoic (pelargonic) acid into a liquid culture medium. Nonanoic acid (NA) was very inhibitory to spore germination and mycelial growth of two cacao pathogens, Crinipellis perniciosa Stahel and Moniliophthora roreri Cif. H.C. Evans. It was highly active causing 75% inhibition of spore germination in an in vitro assay at a rate as low as 0.09 μM for M. roreri and 0.92 μM for C. perniciosa. Mycelial growth was comparatively less sensitive to inhibition, but still there was a 75% reduction in growth with 0.62 μM in M. roreri and 151 μM NA in C. perniciosa. In contrast, NA did not affect Trichoderma mycelial growth or spore germination at concentrations that were inhibitory to the pathogens. 6-pentyl-α-pyrone was also produced and secreted into the medium by T. harzianum, however; it was not antagonistic to the cacao pathogens. Although a number of metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. have been identified in the past, this is the first report of NA production and secretion by any Trichoderma. The results suggest that NA may play a role in the successful use of some Trichoderma spp. isolates in the biocontrol of fungal diseases of plants.     

Biological control of the Western flower thripsFrankliniella occidentalis in cucumber using the entomopathogenic fungusMetarhizium anisopliae

Biological control of the western flower thrips (WFT)Frankliniella occidentalis, using the entomopathogenicMetarhizium anisopliae-7 (M. a-7) strain was studied in three consecutive seasons under greenhouse conditions. Cucumber plants infested with WFT were sprayed with spore suspension of the fungusM. a-7 (0.5 g m^-2), or the soil was treated with dry powder of the fungus (0.5 g m^-2); the control was without fungus application. In the 1997 spring experiment, when the cucumber plants were initially infested with only three or four insects per leaf, the spore suspension spray caused a significant reduction in growth of the thrips population compared with the other treatments and the control. However, in the 1997 summer experiment, when the plants were initially heavily infested with WFT (10–15 insects per leaf), the spray treatment caused only a modest reduction in WFT population growth, and only after 4 weeks of treatment was the reduction significant. In the 1999 experiment, with a low initial WFT population of three or four insects per leaf, the spray treatment was effective in reducing the population growth to a lower level than in the other treatments or control. TheM. a-7 strain was found to be effective in reducing the population growth of WFT under greenhouse conditions, particularly when the initial thrips population was low to moderate. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 4, 2001.     

Combining endophytic fungi and bacteria for the biocontrol of Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne and for effects on plant growth

Eight endophytic fungal and bacterial isolates with antagonistic activity against Radopholus similis were evaluated in vivo for their individual and combined effects on biocontrol of R. similis and on the growth of “Grand Naine” cultivar banana plantlets in the greenhouse. Penetration efficiency (PE) of R. similis was between 3 and 21% in 29 biological agents (BAs) treatments, less than the 29% of the nematode-alone control (p ≤ 0.0001); 24 of the BAs treatments did not differ from the PE of 5% for a nematicide control. Twenty nine BAs treatments exhibited antagonistic activity against nematodes which reduced final population levels between 18 and 93%, relative to those on nematode-alone control plants (p ≤ 0.0001), and 14 BAs treatments were statistically similar to the nematicide treatment (88% reduction). Twenty four BAs treatments had increments of plant root biomass ranging from 20 to 58%, greater than the control plants; 37% of the treatments with single and combined BAs inoculations had root length increments ranging from 29 to 54% compared with control and chemical treatment. The nematicide, Terbufos 10GR, did not affect plant growth.     

Screen of Biocontrol Bacteria of Ginger Wilt by Inhibiting Zones and Root-colonizing Capacity

2003年6月在雅安飞仙关多功乡13个未发病或发病较轻的生姜田块中分离到217个细菌菌株,其中三个(L1、D4、T10)菌株对姜瘟病有强抑菌作用,用利福平标记后在室内的灭菌土和非灭菌土中分别进行定殖能力的测定,结果表明:L1在平板上的抑菌圈不是最大,而最终定殖密度却是最大,而T10抑菌圈最大,定殖能力却不是最大。在灭菌土中比非灭菌土中的定殖能力强。在田间防病试验中,防病效果分别达60.16%(L1)、39.10%(D4)、52.39%(T10)、此外试验结果还表明三个菌株都有不同程度的增产促长作用。     

柑橘溃疡病拮抗芽孢菌株的筛选及其控病作用

从柑橘根际土壤中获得192个细菌分离物,通过平板拮抗测试,筛选出对柑橘溃疡病菌（Xanthomonas axonopdis pv. citri）有较强拮抗作用的6个芽孢菌株,抑菌圈直径达12.0～25.0mm,其中菌株G32对柑橘溃疡病菌抑制效果最好,稳定性高;温室控病试验表明,菌株G32的控病效果最佳,提前喷施拮抗菌其预防效果达60.7%,接种溃疡病菌后喷施的治疗效果为53.2%;根据其形态特征、培养性状、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列比对分析,将G32鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。     

施用根腐病生防颗粒剂对大豆田土壤微生物区系的影响

采用田间小区试验,以木霉菌等多种生防菌结合的生防颗粒剂为材料,探讨施于大豆田后对土壤微生物的影响.调查结果显示,土壤中施入生防颗粒剂后未明显引起微生物区系变化,也没有使某些微生物明显地上升或下降.在大豆生育期间多数生防颗粒剂组合的真菌数量低于种衣剂拌种处理区;在大豆生育期间生防颗粒剂组合的放线菌数量都高于种衣剂拌种,在分枝期1号和4号生防颗粒剂处理的细菌数量高于种衣剂处理区和空白对照,开花期(R1)到成熟期(R8)多数生防颗粒剂处理的细菌数量也高于种衣剂处理和对照.生防颗粒剂在分枝期和开花期使土壤中木霉菌数量增加,生防颗粒剂组合、种衣剂处理区和空白对照在分枝期镰孢菌数量较低,除生防颗粒剂组合1号外葡萄孢菌数量在出苗期、结荚盛期都低于空白对照.除结荚期外,其它时期生防颗粒剂处理较空白对照区青霉菌多.     

生防细菌复配对苹果主要病原真菌抑菌活性筛选及其稳定性

采用生长速率法测定4种生防细菌及其复配对5种苹果主要病原菌的抑制效果,并将筛选出的最佳复配生防细菌发酵液进行稳定性测定。结果表明,单一生防细菌发酵液中多粘类芽孢杆菌FS-1206对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑菌效果最好,为78.19%;当多粘类芽孢杆菌FS-1206与解淀粉芽孢杆菌TS-1203复配比例为 2∶1时,其对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑菌率高达86.64%,抑菌效果显著优于单一生防细菌发酵液。稳定性测定结果表明,复配生防细菌（FS-1206∶TS-1203= 2∶1）发酵液在紫外照射、高温和强酸强碱环境条件下,其抑菌活性均具有良好的稳定性。     

6种放线菌抗药性标记及其在植株体内定殖能力测定

用抗药性标记法对6种生防放线菌进行标记,并测定其在黄瓜、小麦、大麦以及大豆体内的定殖能力,发现15—3可以在黄瓜、小麦以及大麦的根部定殖,在黄瓜根部的定殖能力强于在其它两种作物根部的定殖能力。6种生防菌对黄瓜、小麦、大麦以及大豆种子萌发或苗期生长没有明显抑制作用;菌株15—3对大麦、黄瓜以及大豆具有不同程度的促生作用;菌株SE2和A4发酵液对黄瓜的生长有抑制作用。     

黄瓜枯萎病拮抗菌的生防效果及其对植株生长代谢的影响

利用从黄瓜根际土壤筛选的、经温室内消毒土壤处理证明有效的3株枯萎病拮抗菌DS-1、SG-126和Q-2接种日光温室连作黄瓜土壤,进一步研究对枯萎病防效、植株生长和代谢的影响,结果表明:3株拮抗菌均能提高黄瓜对枯萎病的抵抗能力,减少发病率,细菌DS-1、放线菌SG-126和细菌Q-2防治黄瓜枯萎病的效果分别为51.43%、42.86%和37.50%;DS-1和SG-126能显著促进黄瓜的生长发育,Q-2效果较差;接种拮抗菌不同程度地提高了黄瓜叶片保护酶(SOD、CAT、PPO和PAL)活性和叶绿素含量,降低了电解质渗漏率。