海河流域水生态环境破坏的经济损失估算

利用多种方法估算海河流域水生态环境破坏造成的经济损失，并综合已有相关研究，认为1999年的经济损失相当于流域GDP的0．63%-16．6％。利用影子价格法估算的经济损失相当于流域GDP的7．3％。海河流域现状水生态环境恶化造成的相对经济损失值处在历史高峰期。未来在实施南水北调工程及按照规划开展大规模节水挖潜举措的前提下，经济损失的相对量将大为减少，但是绝对经济损失量可能还会有所增大。向流域节水挖潜领域的项目投资，会给全社会带来较高的经济收益。     

构建植被区分阴影消除植被指数提取山地植被信息

山地植被信息在气候变化研究和生态环境保护等方面发挥着重要作用,遥感技术能够快速获取山地植被信息,但是存在山地地形阴影的影响以及山地植被信息混淆问题。该文以山地植被为研究对象,基于Landsat卫星遥感影像多光谱数据,分析山地植被的主要特点,借鉴阴影消除植被指数（shadow eliminated vegetation index,SEVI）的构造原理及形式,提出了一种适用于山地植被覆盖遥感监测的植被指数算法—植被区分阴影消除植被指数（vegetation distinguished and shadow eliminated vegetation index,VDSEVI）。研究结果表明：相对于已有的其他植被指数,VDSEVI较好地消除了地形阴影的影响;VDSEVI的信息量大,植被覆盖的识别能力较强,较好地解决了植被信息混淆问题,能够更好地反映山地植被覆盖情况。不同土地覆盖类型的VDSEVI存在显著差异;阴影稀疏林地和相邻非阴影稀疏林地的相对误差较小,为3.428%;各土地覆盖类型样本VDSEVI标准差均小于0.06;植被覆盖样本VDSEVI与太阳入射角余弦值（cosi）的相关系数为?0.800。为验证VDSEVI在其他地区的适用性,将VDSEVI应用于内蒙古阿尔山和福州市闽侯县,结果表明VDSEVI同样适用。新疆那拉提、内蒙古阿尔山和福州市闽侯县3个区域基于VDSEVI阈值法的植被信息提取总体精度分别为84.136%、87.339%、86.709%,Kappa系数分别为0.799、0.788、0.791。     

云阴影区机载高光谱影像森林树种分类

[目的]使用窄波段植被指数、纹理信息等特征对影像进行分类,探究植被指数和纹理信息对于云阴影下树种分类的潜力。[方法]使用经过大气校正后的高光谱影像进行窄波段植被指数的计算、纹理分析以及主成分分析,并对计算的结果进行波段组合。用于计算纹理信息的波段通过最佳指示因子进行选择,选取的波段数为31(0.67 nm),51(0.86 nm),55(0.89 nm) 3个波段。结合高分辨率的航空相片进行训练样本的选择,采用Support Vector Machine(SVM)方法对经过大气校正后的反射率影像和重组后的特征影像分别进行分类,使用样地实测的树种信息对分类结果进行验证,使用总体精度和Kappa系数作为分类精度的评价指标。[结果]相对于直接使用反射率影像进行分类,使用窄波段植被指数以及纹理信息可以显著地提高云阴影下地物的分类精度,其分类精度和Kappa系数分别为90.4%和0.88,比直接使用反射率影像的分类精度和Kappa系数分别提高了18%和0.2。[结论]使用重新组合后的影像进行树种分类比直接使用反射率影像进行分类,其分类精度更高,说明窄波段植被指数与纹理特征可以提高云阴影区树种分类的精度。使用波段重组后的影像对云阴影下地物分类,其对于单个地物的分类精度也有明显的提高。     

The Fuzzy Shadow Price

This paper discusses some properties of a kind of the fuzzy linear programming,gives the definition of the fuzzy shadow price,and presentes a simple solution of it as well.     

线性规划超约束基本可行解的检验数与影子价格

线性规划超约束基本可行解有多组检验数,检验数与影子价格非对应,影子价格对经济结构调整有重要指导作用。     

果树LAI快速检测的随机分布模型构建

目前对精确喷施机具本身研究较多,而对喷施对象—果树叶面积指数（LAI）的快速检测方面达不到与机具对接的要求。其中,LAI快速检测样机构建中,光学模型的构建是关键。针对果树具有单一、独立、冠层不规则、不均匀的特点,进行了计算机随机分布模型的仿真和LAI计算。基于从简单到复杂、一般到个别的原则,用VC语言构建了平面随机分布矩形叶子及其LAI测试界面。根据真实番石榴果树的具体参数如投影区域面积和叶宽度等进行匹配,构建随机分布计算分析模型,并应用在基于真树和人造树的虚拟番石榴树LAI计算中,得到虚拟果树阴影率的变     

基于改进K-means聚类算法的金鱼阴影去除及图像分割方法

针对鱼类行为量化过程中运动阴影区域去除难的问题,以金鱼为研究对象,分别从去除噪点及孤立数据点、使用马氏距离作为距离度量方法、明确聚类个数以及初始聚类中心点选择等方面对传统K-means聚类算法进行了优化,提出了一种基于改进K-means聚类算法的金鱼阴影去除及图像分割方法。在室内正常环境下,使用相机采集玻璃鱼缸中金鱼图像,首先等比例压缩10倍,使用中值滤波方法对样本图像进行预处理,然后将其从RGB颜色空间转换到Lab颜色空间,最后提取a、b分量并使用改进的K-means算法进行聚类。试验结果显示:和传统K-means聚类算法及FCM(Fuzzy c-means)聚类算法进行比较,改进算法对于图像阴影去除及分割具有更好的效果,在200幅具有不同阴影的金鱼样本图像中,基于改进K-means聚类算法的平均误分类的像素比率和平均运行时间分别为2.48%和0.87 5s,能够满足离线鱼类行为量化过程中图像预处理的要求。     

Vegetation fractional coverage change in a typical oasis region in Tarim River Watershed based on remote sensing

Vegetation fractional coverage(VFC) is an important index to describe and evaluate the ecological system.The vegetation index is widely used to monitor vegetation coverage in the field of remote sensing(RS).In this paper,the author conducted a case study of the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers,which is a typical saline area in the Tarim River Watershed.The current study was based on the TM/ETM+ images of 1989,2001,and 2006,and supported by Geographic Information System(GIS) spatial analysis,vegetation index,and dimidiate pixel model.In addition,VBSI(vegetation,bare soil and shadow indices) suitable for TM/ETM+ images,constructed with FCD(forest canopy density) model principle and put forward by ITTO(International Tropical Timber Organization),was used,and it was applied to estimate the VFC.The estimation accuracy was later proven to be up to 83.52%.Further,the study analyzed and appraised the changes in vegetation patterns and revealed a pattern of spatial change in the vegetation coverage of the study area by producing the map of VFC levels in the delta oasis.Forest,grassland,and farmland were the three main land-use types with high and extremely-high coverage,and they played an important role in maintaining the vegetation.The forest area determined the changes of the coverage area,whereas the other two land types affected the directions of change.Therefore,planting trees,protecting grasslands,reclaiming farmlands,and controlling unused lands should be included in a long-term program because of their importance in keeping regional vegetation coverage.Finally,the dynamic variation of VFC in the study area was evaluated according to the quantity and spatial distribution rendered by plant cover digital images to deeply analyze the reason behind the variation.     

基于混合高斯模型的移动奶牛目标实时检测

针对奶牛养殖场背景复杂和环境多变导致现有的目标检测算法无法满足鲁棒性和实时性需求的问题,基于递归背景建模思想,在混合高斯模型中引入惩罚因子,提出了一种动态背景建模方法,采用局部更新策略,以降低模型复杂度和解决前景消融问题;提出基于色度偏差和亮度偏差的二分类算法,避免目标物阴影区域的影响。对不同天气及环境变化剧烈情况下获取的奶牛视频样本进行实验。结果表明,与混合高斯模型相比,平均模型复杂度降低了50.85%,前景误检率和背景误检率分别降低了19.50和13.37个百分点,单帧运行时间降低了29.25%,检测准确率更高、实时性更好,且解决了前景消融问题,能满足在复杂背景和环境条件下实时提取奶牛目标的要求。     

Morphology and formation mechanism of sand shadow dunes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The formation and development of dunes depend on wind-blown sand movement which is affected by the characteristics of sand material, topography, wind regimes and other factors. In this paper, we investigated two sand shadow dune groups in Shigatse and Za’gya Zangbo of Tibet and an individual dune in Da Qaidam of Qinghai, and analyzed their topographies and morphologies, and the physical characteristics of the sand, wind regime and sand transport. Formed under harsh conditions behind hills, these mature sand shadow dunes are hundreds of meters long, have significant ridges and crescent dunes downwind, and have a hill pass on one or both sides. Wind tunnel experiments revealed that the hill gap and wind velocity are important factors in the formation of these dunes. Sand shadow dunes formed only when the gap spacing is two-thirds of the hill height. When wind velocities are 20 m/s, the sand body is divided into two parts. The hill pass allows the transport of sand by wind, creating a "narrow-pipe effect", which causes the transported material to gradually accumulate in the center of the shadow zone. We observed that the following are needed for sand shadow dunes to form:(1) strong winds, sufficient sand, suitable obstacles and a dry climate;(2) one or both sides of the obstacle forming the shadow zone must have a hill pass; and(3) the windward side of the obstacle must have a wide, flat area, providing adequate spacing for wind flow and transport of material and the leeward side must have a sufficiently broad, flat area to allow the release of the transported material. Research results on these newly discovered dunes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau could contribute to the understanding of dune geomorphology.